Chapter 1 - Anatomy, Neuroanatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Spinal column
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-4 coccygeal
External intercostals vs internal intercostals
Internal pulls ribs down to decrease diameter of thoracic cavity - exhalation
External pulls ribs up to increase diameter - inhalation
Muscles of inspiration
Diaphragm
Abdomen
Intercostal muscles
Muscles of expiration
Latissimus dorsi Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis Internal oblique abdominis Quadratus lumborum
The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for…
Speech production
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Thyroarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Oblique arytenoid Cricothyroid Posterior cricoarytenoid
Innervated by CN X
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Suprahyoid - elevators; diagstric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus
Infrahyoid - depressors; thyrohyoid, omohyoid, Sternothyroid and sternohyoid
3 layers of vocal folds
Epithelium
Lamina propia
Vocalic muscle
Myoelastic aerodynamic theory
Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure or air and because of the elasticity of the folds
Bernoulli effect
Caused by increased speed of air pressure between the vocal folds
“Sucking” motion of vocal folds towards one another
Cerebellum regulates
Motor movement
Superior laryngeal nerve
Sensory information to larynx and innervation for cricothyroid muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Sensory and motor for information below vocal folds
Would have problems with voicing if this was damaged
Resonation
Modifying of laryngeal tone by dampening or enhancing of specific frequencies
Velum is elevated for all sounds but
Nasals
Source filter theory
Vocal tract is a series of linked tubes
Oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx
Linked tubes provide resonating cavity that provides speech
3 parts of pharyngeal cavity
Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Soft palate
Junction of oro and Nasopharynx
Innervated by CN X and CN XI
4 parts of tongue
Tip Blade Dorsom Root Biggest muscle = genioglossus
CNs involved in articulation
V, VII, X, XI, XII
PNS
Sensory neurons and motor impulses
CNS
Motor neurons
Brain and spinal cord
ANS
Controls interval environment of our bodies
2 branches of ANS
Sympathetic - fight or flight responses
Parasympathetic - brings body to a state of relaxation
Two parts of diencephalon
Thalamus - sensory information and motor impulse
Hypothalamus - emotions and actions of ANS
Basal ganglia parts
Coordination and movement
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus
Gyrus
Sulcus
Fissure
Gyrus - ride on cortex
Sulcus - shallow valley
Fissure - deep sulcus
Frontal lobe
Motor planning Speech production Primary motor cortex, Broca's area Organized sequencing Language
Parietal lobe
Sensory
Pressure, pain, temperature, touch
Damage can cause difficulties with naming, reading, and writing
Occipital lobe
Limbic lobe
Occipital - visual cortex
Limbic - emotions and behavior
Temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
Auditory processing
Wernicke’s area
Comprehension of language
Pyramidal system
Facilitates voluntary motor movements
Corticobulbar tract
Corticospinal tract
Lower motor neurons
Spinal and cranial nerves
Communicates with PNS to inner are muscles
Upper motor neuron lesion
CNS
Voluntary motor movement
Choroid plexus
Makes cerebrospinal fluid
Circle of Willis
Formed at base of brain
Common blood supply to cerebral branches
Meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
