Chapter 1 Flashcards
What does the skeleton consist of?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Joint
skull (cranium), vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Axial skeleton
shoulder/pectoral girdle, pelvic, and the bones of the extremities
Appendicular skeleton
What are the 5 groups of the vertebral column?
Cervical Spine (C7) Thoracic Spine (T12) Lumbar Spine (L5) Sacral Spine (4 fused vertebrae) Coccygeal group has 3-5 vertebrae
What are the movements of the joint?
Fibrous: basically no movement (Sutures of skull)
Cartilaginous: limited movement (intervertebral disks)
Synovial: considerable movement (knee and elbow)
What are the axis or axes of the joints?
Uniaxial: rotate over one axis (elbow)
Biaxial: rotate over two perpendicular axes (ankle or wrist)
Multiaxial: movement in all three axes (shoulder or hip)
What are the three fibrous connective tissues in the body?
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Outermost layer of connective tissue. Covers the entire muscle
Epimysium
Covers the bundles. Middle layer
Perimysium
Smallest fibrous connective tissue. Covers individual muscle fibers.
Endomysium
Hinge point, fibrous tail, and globular head
Myosin
Two strands in a double helix shape
Actin
What is the sliding filament theory?
- Resting phase: not a lot of calcium
- Excitation Coupling phase: SR releases calcium. Calcium bonds with troponin. Tropomyosin shifts which allows crossbridges to attach quicker to actin.
- Contraction Phase: pulling action
- Recharge Phase: calcium is available in myofibril
- Relaxation Phase: calcium gets put back into SR
What are the three types of muscle fibers?
Type I
Type IIa
Type IIx
What is type I muscle fibers?
Slow twitch
Resistant to fatigue
High capacity for supply of aerobic energy
Limited force development
What is type II muscle fibers?
Fast twitch Lower aerobic power ability develop rapid force High ATPase activity High anaerobic power
What is the difference between type IIa and type IIx?
Type IIa fibers have more aerobic metabolism capacity along with increased number of capillaries
Are type II or type I muscle fibers larger?
Type II fibers
- Inside connective tissue sheath
- Run parallel to normal fibers
- Give back information regarding the length of the muscle and the rate of change in length.
- All impulses go to the spinal cord
Muscle Spindles
What are the three main ways to increase force production?
- heavier loads
- increase muscle cross sectional area
- perform multijoint, multiple muscle compound exercise
Deals with the activation of muscles
All muscle fibers within a muscle unit contract at once and develop force at the same time
all-or-none principle
Information our body takes in regarding the position of body parts with respect to gravity
Proprioception
- Located inside of tendons
- Gives feedback based on stretch and tension within the muslce
Golgi Tendon Organs
Pumps blood to the lungs
Right ventricle
Pumps blood to the rest of the body
Left ventricle
What are the four valves of the heart?
- Mitral
- Tricuspid
- Aortic
- Pulmonary
What valves prevent the blood flow from the ventricle back to the atria during contraction
Mitral and tricuspid
What valves prevent backflow from the ventricles
Aortic and pulmonary
Rhythmic electric impulses start (pacemaker)
Sinoatrial node
Impulses get delayed before passing to ventricle
Atrioventricular node
Conducts impulses to the ventricles
Atrioventricular bundle
Return of blood back to the heart
Skeleton muscle pump
