Chapter 1, 2, 3 Exam Study Guide Flashcards
What is anatomy?
it is a Greek word for “a cutting up”. It examines the structures, or morphology, of body parts - their forms and organization.
What is physiology?
it is a Greek word for “relationship to nature.” It considers the functions of body parts - what they do and how they do it.
append-
to hang something. Appendicular: pertaining to the upper limbs and lower limbs.
cardi-
heart. Pericardium: membrane that surrounds the heart.
cerebr-
brain. Cerebrum: the largest part of the brain.
cran-
helmet. Cranial: pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain.
dors-
back. Dorsal: position toward the back of the body.
homeo-
same. Homeostasis: maintenance of a stable internal environment.
-logy
the study of. Physiology: the study of body functions.
meta-
change. Metabolism: chemical changes in the body.
nas-
nose. Nasal: pertaining to the nose.
orb-
circle. Orbital: pertaining to the portion of the skull that encircles the eye.
pariet-
wall. Parietal membrane: membrane that lines the wall of a cavity.
pelv-
basin. Pelvic cavity: basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones.
peri-
around. Pericardial membrane: membrane surrounds the heart.
pleur-
rib. Pleural membrane: membrane that encloses the lung within the rib cage.
-stasis
standing still. Homeostasis: maintenance of a stable internal environment.
super-
above. Superior: referring to a body part located above another.
-tomy
cutting. Anatomy: the study of structure, which often involves cutting or removing body parts.
Levels of organization of the human body
Subatomic particles, Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ systems, Organism.
5 Maintenance of Life
Water, Food, Oxygen, Heat, and Pressure.
Homeostasis
the body’s ability to keep its internal conditions stable, such that its cells can survive.
Homeostatic mechanisms
the body’s self-regulating control systems. It has three components: Receptors, Control center, and Effectors.
Receptors
are the lookout. They provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment.
Control center
or decision-maker, which includes a set point (body temperature).
Effectors
muscles or glands take action and respond appropriately.
Negative feedback
is a process that activates the effectors that can return conditions to normal. As this happens, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens, and the effectors gradually shut down.
Positive feedback
the effector activity is initially increased rather than turned off. Positive feedback mechanisms usually produce unstable conditions, which might not seem compatible with homeostasis.
Axial portion
includes the head, neck, and trunk. The cranial cavity houses the brain. The vertebral canal contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of the backbone. The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Appendicular portion
includes the upper and lower limbs.
Mediastinum
is located within the thoracic cavity, a region between the lungs. It houses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.
Thoracic cavity
are the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.
Viscera
are the organs within the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Abdominopelvic cavity
includes an upper abdominal portion. It consists of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Abdominal cavity
include the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestines, and large intestines.
Pelvic cavity
contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.
Integumentary system
includes the skin and the accessory organs such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Skeletal system
consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilages that bind bones together at joints.
Nervous system
consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
Endocrine system
includes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. It includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus.
Cardiovascular system
includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood.
Lymphatic system
it is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
Digestive system
includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines.
Respiratory system
includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Urinary system
consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Sagittal plane
lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left positions.
Transverse plane
horizontal refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
Frontal plane
coronal refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Abdominal four quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant.
bio-
life. Biochemistry: branch of science dealing with the chemistry of life forms.
di-
two. disaccharide: a molecule composed of two bonded simple sugar units.
glyc-
sweet. Glycogen: complex carbohydrate composed of glucose molecules bonded in a particular way.
iso-
equal. Isotope: an atom that has the same atomic number as another atom but a different atomic weight.
iso-
equal. Isotope: an atom that has the same atomic number as another atom but a different atomic weight.
lip-
fat. Lipids: a group of organic compounds that includes fats.
-lyt
break down. Electrolyte: a substance that breaks down and releases ions in water.
mono-
one. Monosaccharide: a molecule consisting of a single simple sugar unit.
poly-
many. Polyunsaturated: a molecule with two or more double bonds between its carbon atoms.
sacchar-
sugar. Monosaccharide: a molecule consisting of a single simple sugar unit.
syn-
together. Synthesis: the process by which chemicals join to form new types of chemicals.
Elements
are simple Matter, which is anything that has mass and takes up space, and has specific chemical properties. E.g., Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Oxygen, Hydrogen.
Compounds
are more common parts of chemical combinations. E.g., Sodium Chloride NaCl.
Atomic Number
the number of protons in the atoms of a particular element.
Atomic weight
is the number of protons and neutrons in an element’s atoms.
Alkalosis
blood pH of 7.5 to 7.8. Feelings of agitation and dizziness. It can be caused by breathing rapidly at high altitudes.
Acidosis
blood pH falls from 7.0 to 7.3. Feelings of disoriented and fatigued and breathing may become difficult. Resulting in severe vomiting.
Buffers
are chemicals that resist pH change.
Amino acids
are the building blocks of proteins.
Enzymes
are catalysts in living systems. They speed up specific chemical reactions without being consumed.
Nucleic acids
carry the instructions in the form of genes that control a cell’s activities by encoding the amino acid sequences of proteins.
Catalysts
are molecules that influence the rates, not the direction, of chemical reactions but are not consumed in the process.
Two major types of nucleic acids
RNA and DNA.
apo-
away, off, apart. Apoptosis: a form of cell death in which cells are shed from a developing structure.
cyt-
cell. Cytoplasm: fluid (cytosol) and organelles between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope.
endo-
within. Endoplasmic reticulum: membranous complex within the cytoplasm.
hyper-
above. Hypertonic: a solution that has greater osmotic pressure than the cytosol.
hypo-
below. Hypotonic: a solution that has lesser osmotic pressure than the cytosol.
inter-
between. Interphase: stage between mitotic divisions of a cell.
iso-
equal. isotonic: a solution that has an osmotic pressure equal to that of the cytosol.
lys-
to break up. Lysosome: organelle containing enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
mit-
thread. Mitosis: stage of cell division when chromosomes condense.
phag-
to eat. Phagocytosis: the process by which a cell takes in solid particles.
pino-
to drink. Pinocytosis: the process by which a cell takes in tiny droplets of liquid.
pro-
before. Prophase: the first stage of mitosis.
-som
body. Ribosome: tiny spherical organelle composed of protein and RNA that supports protein synthesis.
-vesic
bladder. Vesicle: small, saclike organelle that contains substances to be transported within the cell or secreted.
Three major parts of a cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus
this organelle refines, packages, and delivers proteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Autophagy
eating self. The process of a cell’s disposing of its own trash.
Cilia and flagellum
are motile extensions of the cell membranes of certain cell types. Cilia means eyelashes in Latin.
Microfilaments and microtubules
are two types of threadlike structures in the cytoplasm. Microfilaments are tiny rods of protein actin that form meshwork or bundles and provide certain cellular movements. Microtubules are long, slender tubes with diameters two or three times greater than those of microfilaments.
Endocytosis
conveys molecules or other particles, that are too large to enter a cell by other means, to the inside of a cell in a vesicle that forms from a section of the cell membrane building inward.
