Chapter 1 Flashcards
Append
to hang something: appendicular- pertaining to the upper limbs and lower limbs.
Cardi
heart: pericardium-membrane that surrounds the heart.
Cerebr-
brain: cerebrum: the largest part of the brain.
Cran-
helmet: cranial- pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain.
Dors-
back: dorsal- position toward the back of the body.
Homeo-
same: homeostasis: maintenance of a stable internal environment.
-logy
the study of physiology- the study of body functions.
Meta-
change: metabolism- chemical changes in the body.
Nas-
nose: nasal- pertaining to the nose
Orb-
circle: orbital- pertaining to the portion of the skull that encircles an eye.
Pariet-
wall: parietal membrane- the membrane that lines the wall of a cavity.
Pelv-
basin: pelvic cavity- basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones.
Peri-
around: pericardial membrane- the membrane that surrounds the heart.
Pleur-
rib: pleural membrane- the membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage.
-stasis
standing still: homeostasis- maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Super-
above: superior- referring to a body part located above another.
-tomy
cutting: anatomy- the study of structure, which often involves cutting or removing body parts.
The two languages that formed the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology.
Greek and Latin.
Scientific method
is an approach to investigating the natural world. It consists of testing a hypothesis and then rejecting or accepting it based on the results of experiments or observations.
What factors probably stimulated an early interest in the human body?
- Curiosity about how the body works.
- Discovering useful ways of examining and treating the human body.
- Observing the effects of injuries.
- Noticed how wounds healed.
- Examining dead bodies to determine causes of death.
6 Discovering the healing attributes of certain herbs and potions to relieve coughs, headaches, and other common problems.
What is the role of the hypothesis in the scientific method?
Its role is to be tested and then reject or accept based on the results of experiments or observations.
Anatomy
Greek for “a cutting up,” examines the structures, or morphology, of body parts- their forms and organization. It focuses on examination of the body.
Physiology
Greek for “relationship to nature,” considers the functions of body parts- what they do and how they do it. Focuses on experimentation.
Human organism
A well-organized unit of body parts.
Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology?
Because anatomical structures make possible their functions. Each part contributes to the operation of the unit as a whole.
List several examples that illustrate how the structure of a body part makes its function possible.
- The shape of the mouth enables it to receive food.
- Tooth shapes enable teeth to break solid foods into pieces.
- The muscular tongue and cheeks are constructed in a way that helps mix food particles with saliva and prepare them for swallowing.
- The heart’s powerful muscular walls contract and propel blood out of the chambers and into blood vessels.
- Heart valves keep blood moving in the proper direction.
Atoms
are tiny chemical particles. Hydrogen atom, Lithium atom.
Subatomic particles
are even smaller than atoms. Electrons, protons, neutrons.
Molecules
the joining of atoms to form molecules. Water molecule, glucose molecule.
Macromolecule
are the combination of small molecules to form larger macromolecules. Protein molecule, DNA molecule.
Cell
is the basic unit of structure and function in humans and other organisms. Individual cells vary in shape and size, but all share certain characteristics.
Muscle cell, nerve cell.
Organelles
are composed of assemblies of large molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acid. Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus.
Tissue
are a group of specialized cells that are assembled into layers or masses that have a specific function.
Simple squamous epithelium, bone.
Organs
are complex structures with specialized functions. It is formed by a group of different tissues.
Skin, femur, heart, kidney.
Organ systems
it is comprised of groups of organs that function closely together. Integumentary system, skeletal system, digestive system.
Organisms
are made up of interacting organ systems.
Human.
Characteristics of Life
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Circulation
9, Assimilation - Excretion
Characteristic of Life: Movement
Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ.
Characteristic of Life: Responsiveness
Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.
Characteristic of Life: Growth
Increase in body size without a change in shape.
Characteristic of Life: Reproduction
Production of new organisms and new cells.
Characteristic of Life: Respiration
Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration).
Characteristic of Life: Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used.
Characteristic of Life: Absorption
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids.
Characteristic of Life: Circulation
Movement of substances in body fluids.
Characteristic of Life: Assimilation
Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms.
Characteristic of Life: Excretion
Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
Metabolism
is the collection of chemical reactions in cells that support life. The physiological events that obtain (ingesting - taking in), release (digesting - breaking down), absorb (use energy), assimilate the nutrients in food, and lastly, excreting wastes.
Requirements of Organisms
- Water
- Food
- Oxygen
- Heat
- Pressure
Requirements of Organisms: Water
A chemical substance. It is the most abundant substance in the body. It is required for metabolic processes as a medium for metabolic reactions, and it carries substances in organisms and is important in regulating body temperature.
Requirements of Organisms: Food
Various chemical substances. Refers to substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to water. Nutrients supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter. And for the regulation of vital reactions.
Requirements of Organisms: Oxygen
A chemical substance. It is a gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air. It is used to release energy from nutrients (food substances). The energy, in turn, is used to drive metabolic processes.
Requirements of Organisms: Heat
A form of energy present in our environment. Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat. It helps regulate the rates of metabolic reactions. The amount of heat present in the body partly controls the rate at which these reactions occur.
Requirements of Organisms: Pressure
A force. It is an application of force on an object or substance. Atmospheric pressure for breathing and is the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air above it. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure a liquid exerts which organisms living underwater are subjected to; due to the weight of water above them. Another form of hydrostatic pressure is heart actions that produce blood pressure which keeps blood flowing through blood vessels.
Homeostasis
refers to the body’s ability to keep its internal conditions stable.
Bacteria
is unicellular or single-celled. Their cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. E.g., is an amoeba.
Internal environment
is found inside our bodies. It consists of water and dissolved substances outside of our cells.
Extracellular fluid
dissolved substances outside of our cells. It includes the liquid portion of the blood, the plasma, and the interstitial fluid, or tissue fluid, which is found outside of the blood vessels.
Plasma
the liquid portion of the blood.
Interstitial fluid
tissue fluid, which is found outside of the blood vessels and is in direct contact with cells throughout the body.
Intracellular fluid
substances dissolved inside the cell.
Homeostatic mechanisms
- Receptors
- Control center that includes a set point.
- Effectors
Homeostatic mechanisms: Receptors
are on the lookout. They provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment. A receptor may be as small as a cell or even a protein that is part of a cell.
Homeostatic mechanisms: Control center
or decision-maker, which includes a set point, which is a particular value, such as body temperature at 37 degree Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Homeostatic mechanisms: Effectors
such as muscles or glands, take action. They cause appropriate responses.
Negative feedback
most homeostatic mechanisms operate by it. Effectors are activated that can return conditions to normal.
Positive feedback
the effector activity is initially increased rather than turned off, and a change is not reversed but intensified.
Axial portion
Head, neck, and trunk. The Cranial cavity houses the brain; the Vertebral canal (spinal cavity), which contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of the backbone (vertebrae); the Thoracic cavity; and the Abdominopelvic cavity.
Appendicular portion
upper and lower limbs.
Thoracic cavity
is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by a broad, thin muscle called the diaphragm. The wall of the thoracic cavity is composed of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones. Within the thoracic cavity are the lungs and a region between the lungs.
Mediastinum
heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus.
Abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large intestines. It includes an upper abdominal portion and a lower pelvic portion. Its walls primarily consist of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones.
Pelvic cavity
is the portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones. It contains the terminal end of the large intestines, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.
Oral cavity
contains teeth and tongue.
Nasal cavity
connecting with several air-filled sinuses
Orbital cavities
containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves.
Middle ear cavities
containing middle ear bones.
Serous membranes
are thin membranes that line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities. These membranes secrete a slippery serous fluid that separates the layer lining the wall of the cavity (parietal layer) from the layer covering the organ (visceral layer)
Peritoneal membranes
membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Parietal peritoneum
lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Visceral peritoneum
covers most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Peritoneal cavity
the potential space between these membranes.
Pericardial membranes
surrounds the heart.
Visceral pericardium
(epicardium) covers the heart’s surface.
Pericardial cavity
the potential space between these membranes.
Fibrous pericardium
thick third layer that covers the parietal pericardium.
