Chapter 1 Flashcards
Who believed that children are born with a blank slate?
John Locke
Who believed that children were born inherently good?
Jean Jacques
Behaviorism
Focus is on experience shaping the individual. (Nurture) -John B. Watson
Maturation
physical aspects of growth and development influences the individual experience. (Nature) - Arnold Gesell
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Conflict between external demands and internal desires of a child results in hidden battles
Three parts of the personality? (S.F)
Id, Ego, and Superego
Id
is unconscious and represents biological demands and instant gratification present at birth
Ego
is conscious and seeks gratification but avoids social disapproval
Super Ego
is conscious and monitors the intention and behavior of ego by allowing guilt and shame for behavior
Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
-focus is on dev. of emotional life and psychological traits
-early experiences affect future development
-complete stages to move on
5 stages of Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Development?
- oral stage 2. anal stage 3. phallic stage (parent child conflict) 4. latency stage (sexual feelings remain unconscious) 5. genital stage (puberty)
Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages
- Trust vs Mistrust (birth -18 mths)
- Autonomy vs Shame ( 19mths - 3 yrs)
- initiative vs Guilt (4-5 yrs)
- Industry vs Inferiority (6-11 yrs)
- Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18yrs)
- Intimacy vs Isolation (19-39yrs)
- Generativity vs Stagnation (40-64yrs)
- Ego Integrity vs Despair (65-death)
Learning Perspective
-reflex response is associated with a new stimulas = paired learning
-learning occurs due to reinforcement effect
Positive reinforcement
increases the frequency of behaviours when they are applied (teacher approves -> student studies more)
Negative reinforcers
increases the frequency of behaviour when they are removed i.e. (fear of failure is removed when one studies for test)
punishments
aversive event that suppresses or decreases the frequency of the behaviour that follows
Albert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory
-learning occurs by observing other people by reading, by engaging in different media
-also modelling the same behavior of another person
Cognitive Development Stages by Piaget
- Sensorimotor ( motor responses, curiosity) (0-2 yrs)
- Preoperational (language , volume expression) (2-7)
- Concrete Operational (mastering concepts) (7-12)
- Formal Operational (more abstract logic reasoning) (12+)
Cognitive Process
-encoding information
-storing info to long term memory
-retrieving the info through cues
-problem solving
Schema
patterns of action that is involved in acquiring knowledge
Adaptation
Interaction Between the organism and the environment
Assimilation
process of responding to new objects or events according to existing schema
accommodation
Schema is changed to incorporate novel objects or events
Equilibrium
Balance achieved by assimilating new events into existing schema
The Ecological Perspective
by Bronfenbrenner
-recognizing that there are systems imbedded in other systems that influence behaviors and development ie. child’s behavior is influenced by parents or peers etc.
The Socio-Cultural Perspectives
by Vygotsky
-cultural and socially environment can affect Humans in which they are born
Zone of Proximal Development
a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled
Scaffolding
problem solving methods such as cues provided to the child, to increase independent functioning
Gender
an aspect of diversity that is not defined by physiological traits but rather social constructs, identity and expression
Sex
tends to be more biological and tied to physiological and anatomical characteristics
Heteronormativity
the assumption that people are heterosexual and that heterosexuality is the “default”
two-spirited
a term which encompasses sexual and gender diversity and spiritual and cultural identity
cis gender
having a gender identity that aligns with your sex assignment at birth
continuous perspective
views development as a process where the effects of learning increase gradually
discontinuous perspective
views development as a number of rapid qualitative changes ushering in new stages of development
maturational theorists
environmental influences depends on developmental levels
active perspective
maintains children are actively engaging in their development
passive perspective
maintains that children are passive and the environment acts on them to influence development
