Chapter 1

Question 1

Who believed that children are born with a blank slate?

Answer 1

John Locke

Question 2

Who believed that children were born inherently good?

Answer 2

Jean Jacques

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

Focus is on experience shaping the individual. (Nurture) -John B. Watson

Question 4

Maturation

Answer 4

physical aspects of growth and development influences the individual experience. (Nature) - Arnold Gesell

Question 5

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Answer 5

Conflict between external demands and internal desires of a child results in hidden battles

Question 6

Three parts of the personality? (S.F)

Answer 6

Id, Ego, and Superego

Question 7

Id

Answer 7

is unconscious and represents biological demands and instant gratification present at birth

Question 8

Ego

Answer 8

is conscious and seeks gratification but avoids social disapproval

Question 9

Super Ego

Answer 9

is conscious and monitors the intention and behavior of ego by allowing guilt and shame for behavior

Question 10

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Answer 10

-focus is on dev. of emotional life and psychological traits
-early experiences affect future development
-complete stages to move on

Question 10

5 stages of Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Development?

Answer 10

1. oral stage 2. anal stage 3. phallic stage (parent child conflict) 4. latency stage (sexual feelings remain unconscious) 5. genital stage (puberty)

Question 11

Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages

Answer 11

1. Trust vs Mistrust (birth -18 mths)
2. Autonomy vs Shame ( 19mths - 3 yrs)
3. initiative vs Guilt (4-5 yrs)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (6-11 yrs)
5. Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18yrs)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (19-39yrs)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40-64yrs)
8. Ego Integrity vs Despair (65-death)

Question 12

Learning Perspective

Answer 12

-reflex response is associated with a new stimulas = paired learning
-learning occurs due to reinforcement effect

Question 13

Positive reinforcement

Answer 13

increases the frequency of behaviours when they are applied (teacher approves -> student studies more)

Question 14

Negative reinforcers

Answer 14

increases the frequency of behaviour when they are removed i.e. (fear of failure is removed when one studies for test)

Question 15

punishments

Answer 15

aversive event that suppresses or decreases the frequency of the behaviour that follows

Question 16

Albert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 16

-learning occurs by observing other people by reading, by engaging in different media
-also modelling the same behavior of another person

Question 17

Cognitive Development Stages by Piaget

Answer 17

1. Sensorimotor ( motor responses, curiosity) (0-2 yrs)
2. Preoperational (language , volume expression) (2-7)
3. Concrete Operational (mastering concepts) (7-12)
4. Formal Operational (more abstract logic reasoning) (12+)

Question 18

Cognitive Process

Answer 18

-encoding information
-storing info to long term memory
-retrieving the info through cues
-problem solving

Question 19

Schema

Answer 19

patterns of action that is involved in acquiring knowledge

Question 20

Adaptation

Answer 20

Interaction Between the organism and the environment

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

process of responding to new objects or events according to existing schema

Question 22

accommodation

Answer 22

Schema is changed to incorporate novel objects or events

Question 23

Equilibrium

Answer 23

Balance achieved by assimilating new events into existing schema

Question 24

The Ecological Perspective

Answer 24

by Bronfenbrenner
-recognizing that there are systems imbedded in other systems that influence behaviors and development ie. child’s behavior is influenced by parents or peers etc.

Question 25

The Socio-Cultural Perspectives

Answer 25

by Vygotsky
-cultural and socially environment can affect Humans in which they are born

Question 26

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 26

a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled

Question 27

Scaffolding

Answer 27

problem solving methods such as cues provided to the child, to increase independent functioning

Question 28

Gender

Answer 28

an aspect of diversity that is not defined by physiological traits but rather social constructs, identity and expression

Question 29

Sex

Answer 29

tends to be more biological and tied to physiological and anatomical characteristics

Question 30

Heteronormativity

Answer 30

the assumption that people are heterosexual and that heterosexuality is the “default”

Question 31

two-spirited

Answer 31

a term which encompasses sexual and gender diversity and spiritual and cultural identity

Question 32

cis gender

Answer 32

having a gender identity that aligns with your sex assignment at birth

Question 33

continuous perspective

Answer 33

views development as a process where the effects of learning increase gradually

Question 34

discontinuous perspective

Answer 34

views development as a number of rapid qualitative changes ushering in new stages of development

Question 35

maturational theorists

Answer 35

environmental influences depends on developmental levels

Question 36

active perspective

Answer 36

maintains children are actively engaging in their development

Question 37

passive perspective

Answer 37

maintains that children are passive and the environment acts on them to influence development