Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychological Science

Answer 1

the study of mind, brain, and behavior

Question 2

Amiable Skepticism

Answer 2

open to ideas but wary with new scientific findings that aren’t well supported

Question 3

Critical Thinking

Answer 3

systematically question with well supported evidence and logic to test evidence and explanations

Question 4

Confirmation Bias

Answer 4

placing more weight and value on information that agrees with you rather than the information that’s more known and established

Question 5

Misappropriation of source credibility

Answer 5

not taking into account the sources credibility that you’re using or not looking for well supported sources

Question 6

Misunderstanding statistical information/Gut feeling

Answer 6

placing more weight on in person experiences and/or emotional responses ex.) an American might say most common name is John Smith because that’s what they know instead of the true answer

Question 7

Finding relationships w/ things that don’t correlate

Answer 7

ex.) petty theft and ice cream both increase and one might think its a causal relationship but it’s just because it’s summer

Question 8

Hindsight bias

Answer 8

thinking after the fact that something was obvious because one only thinks of the important/problem pieces

Question 9

Mental shortcuts

Answer 9

(Jumping to conclusions) e.) parents see child abductions on the news and so they worry about that instead of something more prevalent like car crashes

Question 10

Self-serving

Answer 10

Most people think they are better than average and using strategies to prove it ex.) 90% of people think they are 50th percentile plus

Question 11

Placing unproportionate value on first and last information given

Answer 11

ex.) Sandwich method, making first and last information important so people retain it

Question 12

Culture

Answer 12

beliefs, values, rules, norms, and customs existing in a group of people with common language and environment

Question 13

Nature

Answer 13

People are more affected by their genes and their personalities and dispositions are decided from genes

Question 14

Nurture

Answer 14

peoples environment decides how peoples behaviors and personalities

Question 15

Mind/Body problem

Answer 15

are the mind and body separate arguments ex.) sadness, a mental event, makes you cry 2. taking drugs, physical event, affects ones state of mind

Question 16

Dualism

Answer 16

body and mind are intertwined

Question 17

Introspection

Answer 17

examination of personal experiences that requires people to inspect and examine their thoughts

Question 18

Structuralism

Answer 18

conscious experiences that can be broken down into basic underlying components

Question 19

Stream of consciousness

Answer 19

the minds ever-changing continuous series of thoughts

Question 20

Functionalism

Answer 20

mental states are identified by what they do and how they function in behavior

Question 21

Evolutionary theory

Answer 21

species changing overtime with adaptations for their environments (Adaptations are faster within a generation)

Question 22

Natural selection

Answer 22

the process by which adaptive traits are passed along and the ones that aren’t passed along struggle to survive

Question 23

Gestalt theory

Answer 23

the whole of the human experience is not the sum of its parts because people perceive objects and situations in their own ways

Question 24

The Unconscious

Answer 24

Freud says much of human behavior is determined by mental processes occurring below the plane of conscious awareness and they are usually sexual/in conflict and they create psychological discomfort and sometimes disorders

Question 25

Psychoanalysis

Answer 25

bringing the Unconscious into conscious awareness to reveal conflicts

Question 26

Behaviorism

Answer 26

outside environmental forces producing observable behavior

Question 27

Cognitive psychology

Answer 27

mental functions (intelligence, thinking, language, memory, and decision) and the way people think about things influences behavior

Question 28

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 28

researching and study of neural mechanisms (brain, nerve, and nerve cells) that focus on thought, learning, language and perception and memory

Question 29

Social psychology

Answer 29

the way people are shaped through their interactions w others

Question 30

Personality psychology

Answer 30

study of peoples characteristic thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and how they very across social situations for ex.) why some are shy or outgoing

Question 31

Brain chemistry

Answer 31

hundreds of substances that are critical to brain activity and behavior, its why when we're aroused or interested, for example, that we remember more when we are calm

Question 32

Neuroscience

Answer 32

the study of the brain and why when we do certain tasks we have impulses in the same parts of our brain, ex. places for specific feelings, thoughts, and actions.

Question 33

Human genome

Answer 33

the basic units of hereditary transmission that affect thoughts, actions, feelings, and disorders

Question 34

Solving adaptive problems

Answer 34

through evolution, specialized mechanisms and adaptive behaviors have been built into humans ex.) calluses ex.2) cheaters may steal group resources and so humans have "cheaters detectors"

Question 35

Evolutionary Heritage

Answer 35

ex.) as homo sapiens we looked for high caloric foods which would usually be fatty and sweet, that's why we're attracted to them now

Question 36

Norms

Answer 36

cultural rules which specify how people behave in certain contexts

Question 37

Globalization

Answer 37

the flow of people, commodities, and financial instruments among all regions of the world which is increasing exponentially

Question 38

Biological level of analysis

Answer 38

how the physical body contributes to mind and behavior

Question 39

Individual level of analysis

Answer 39

differences in personality and the mental processes that affect how people perceive the world

Question 40

Social level of analysis

Answer 40

how group contexts affect the ways people interact and influence each other

Question 41

Cultural level of analysis

Answer 41

how peoples thoughts, feeling and actions are similar or different across cultures; differences highlight the way cultural experiences affect the psychological processes, similarities show evidence for universal phenomena regardless of experiences

Question 42

Ethnomusicology

Answer 42

cross-cultural study of music preferences, psychologists noticed perceptions of outgroup members can color musical styles

Question 43

Interdisciplinary

Answer 43

psychologists working with people from different fields

Question 44

Neuroscience/Biological psychologists

Answer 44

focused on how biological systems create mental activity and behavior

Question 45

Adaptations

Answer 45

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

Question 46

Plato

Answer 46

400 BC argued for nature

Question 47

Aristotle

Answer 47

350 BC argued for nurture

Question 48

Gustav Fechner 1801-1887

Answer 48

German psychologist who developed the JND which was the first empirical psychological measurement

Question 49

Charles Darwin 1809-1882

Answer 49

British naturalist who created the theory of natural selection

Question 50

Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

Answer 50

German psychologist who opened one of the first psychology laboratories and developed the field of structuralism

Question 51

William James 1842-1910

Answer 51

American psychologist who opened one of the first psychological laboratories and developed the field of functionalism

Question 52

Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936

Answer 52

Russian physiologist who's experiments led to the principals of classical conditioning

Question 53

Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850-1909

Answer 53

German psychologist who studied the ability of people to remember lists of nonsense syllables under different conditions

Question 54

Sigmund Freud 1856-1939

Answer 54

Austrian psychologist who founded the theory of psychodynamic psychology

Question 55

Edward Bradford Titchener 1867-1927

Answer 55

American psychologist who contributed to structuralism

Question 56

John B Watson 1878-1958

Answer 56

American psychologist who contributed to behaviorism

Question 57

Sir Frederic Bartlett 1886-1969

Answer 57

British psychologist who studied the cognitive and social processes of remembering

Question 58

Jean Piaget 1896-1980

Answer 58

Swiss psychologist who developed an important theory of cognitive development in children

Question 59

B. F. Skinner 1904-1990

Answer 59

American psychologist who contributed to behaviorism

Question 60

Donald Broadbent 1926-1993

Answer 60

British cognitive psychologist who was a pioneer in the study of attention

Question 61

Da Vinci 1452-1519

Answer 61

dissected a brain and learned it was the home for thought, judgement, and sensory messages

Question 62

Egyptians

Answer 62

discarded brain because they thought it was useless

Question 63

Rene Descartes 1596-1650

Answer 63

created dualism where the mind and body are separate but intertwined

Question 64

Greeks and Romans

Answer 64

Smashed open a persons head and learned it was needed for mental functioning