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Psych > Chap 3 > Flashcards

Chap 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Electrically excitable cells that transmit signals throughout the body

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2
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Includes Brain and spinal cord: receives information from PNS and organizes them into usable signals that will be redirected back to the PNS

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3
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Includes all other nerve cells; controls somatic and autonomic components, the PNS receives signals sends them to CNS and then executes the somatic and autonomic function

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

transmits sensory signals and motor signals between the CNS and the skin, muscles, and joints - voluntary

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

transmits sensory and motor signals to the body’s internal organs and glands - involuntary

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6
Q

Sensory neurons

A

nerve cells that are activated by outside input from the environment - for example, when you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, these neurons will be the ones firing

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7
Q

Motor neurons

A

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions

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8
Q

Interneurons

A

they connect the spinal motor and sensory neurons, only short jumps and control only the regions they are in

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

receives chemical signals from other nerves

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10
Q

Cell body/Soma

A

Signals are integrated and signals are sent out of here

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11
Q

Axon

A

Transports the electrical impulses

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12
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

fatty protective covering over the axon to regulate electrical activity

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13
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Processes the electrical impulse and releases chemical signal into the synapse

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14
Q

Action potential

A

the electrical signal that passes along the axon and causes a release of chemicals from the terminal buttons

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15
Q

Excitatory neurons

A

decrease polarization by decreasing the negative charge, makes it more likely for neuron to fire

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16
Q

Inhibitory signals

A

increase polarization by decreasing negative charge, making is far less likely for the Neuron to fire

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17
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

passes signal it all the way to the terminal buttons, then release neurotransmitters into synapse

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18
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

receive signal from presynaptic neuron at post synaptic receptors, dendrites, and then sends it to next neuron

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19
Q

Reuptake

A

neurotransmitter is withdrawn back into the terminal button

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20
Q

Enzyme deactivation

A

when different enzymes are released to deactivate already produced neurotransmitters

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21
Q

Autoreceptors

A

monitor the amount of neurotransmitters and signals the presynaptic neuron to stop producing

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22
Q

Agonists

A

drugs used to stimulate neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Antagonists

A

drugs used to depress neurotransmitters

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24
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Controls the ability for a muscle to contact and relax, it also impacts memory and attention capabilities

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25
Epinephrine
energy that is used for dealing with threats from the environment
26
Norepinephrine
involved in states of arousal, attention, alertness, and vigilance
27
Serotonin
involved in emotional states, impulsiveness, and dreaming
28
Dopamine
controls the reward system in the brain as well as motivation and motor control over voluntary movements
29
GABA
involved in reducing anxious behaviors and can provide the body with a calming feeling
30
Glutamate
involved in stimulating learning and memory, but can lead to overstimulation and destruction of action potential leading to seizures
31
Endorphins
involved in a reduction of pain and increase in reward systems of the brain
32
Resting membrane potential
the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state
33
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelinated sheath that act as vital locations for the regeneration of the action potential. These are where the membrane depolarizes, allowing nerve impulses to propagate quickly and efficiently
34
Broca's area
left frontal lobe essential for speech
35
PET scans
radioactive dye injected and followed through the brain
36
MRI scan
produces a high resolution image of brain using a magnetic field - brain damage, tumors, deformities become visible
37
fMRI scan
imaging tool used to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood through blood flow monitors
38
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity for sections near the scalp
39
Gray matter
neuron cell bodies
40
white matter
myelinated axons
41
what does brain stem control
breathing and heart rate, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular formation for general alertness and sleep stages
42
Cerebellum
essential for movement like muscle memory, acts unconsciously, placed below and back of brain
43
Thalamus
gateway to cortex, receives and organizes sensory information and passes it on to the cortex, during sleep the thalamus partially shuts off the pass for sensation
44
Hypothalamus
regulates the body's essential functions - body temp, blood pressure, blood glucose levels as well as sensation such as thirst, hunger, lust and aggression. triggers response from pituitary glands to secrete hormones
45
Hippocampus
creates new interconnections in the cerebral cortex to allow us to retain information and memories, gray matter can grow w new information
46
Amygdala
associating experiences with emotional response and evaluating emotional information, situation with emotional responses retained much longer than normal situations
47
Basal Ganglia
receives and process signals from the cerebral cortex, and relays signals to motor centers of the brain, nucleus accumbens regulate dopamine and reward experiences - why we seek out pleasure
48
Cerebral cortex
responsible for thought, perception, and complex actions, 4 lobes per hemisphere = Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, Frontal
49
Occipital lobe
Back of head, primary responsibility is vision
50
Parietal lobe
top and back of the head, primary responsibility is touch
51
Temporal lobe
in front of Occipital lobe, primarily responsible for auditory signals, memory and perception
52
Frontal lobe
front of the brain, primarily responsible for movement and higher level processes
53
Prefrontal cortex
foremost portion of brain, responsible for attention, working memory, decision making, personality, and appropriate social behaviors
54
Sympathetic nervous system
prepares body to take action like fight or flight, suspend digestion, dilates pupils, begin perspiration to regulate body temp
55
parasympathetic nervous system
returns body to state of rest, resume digestion, contract pupils , stop perspiration and begin normal regulation of body temp
56
Hormones
chemical substances that are released into bloodstream to designated target
57
Pituitary gland
master gland, secretes hormones into the bloodstream to activate production and release of hormones from other glands, releases growth hormone
58
Plasticity
able to change over time as a result of experiences or injuries, changes by axons growing, declines with energy
59
Females brain attributes
intuition, collaboration, strong memories, much more interconnected
60
Male brains
performing singular tasks, working independently, spacial awareness, less interconnectivity
61
Gene expression
turning on of a specific gene, part of a specific piece of DNA
62
Human Genome
the entire DNA sequence of humans
63
Genotype
genetic makeup
64
Phenotype
observable physical characteristics
65
polygenic effects
traits physical appearance is impacted by multiple genes
66
Behavioral genetics
the way our genes interact with our environment determine how we eventually turn out
67
Optogenetics
the use of light along with gene alteration to find a causal relationship between brain activity and behavior

Psych (8 decks)

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