Chap 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The nervous systems capacity to retain and retrieve skill and knowledge. Result from physical changes in connections between neurons.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

1st stage of memory: occurs at the time of learning, is the processing of information so that it can be stored

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

2nd stage of memory: the retention of encoded representations over time

Question 4

Consolidation

Answer 4

Process in which encoded information becomes stored in memory (happens during storage)

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

3rd stage of memory: the act of recalling and remembering information when needed

Question 6

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 6

The strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated, shows how neural plasticity may underlie memory.

Question 7

Reconsolidation

Answer 7

The neural processes involved when memories are recalled then stored again for retrieval

Question 8

Equipotentiality

Answer 8

Memories are distributed throughout the brain

Question 9

Prefrontal cortex, Hippocampus, Temporal lobe, Amygdala, Cerebellum

Answer 9

working memory, spatial memory, declarative memory, fear learning, motor action learning and memory

Question 10

Sensory memory

Answer 10

very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form, brief and lost if unattended to

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

visual sensory memory

Question 12

Echoic memory

Answer 12

Auditory sensory memory

Question 13

Short term memory

Answer 13

memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

an active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use, only stays for 20-30 sec and replaced by new stimuli unless rehearsed

Question 15

Chunking

Answer 15

organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to retain information in our memory span

Question 16

Long term memory

Answer 16

relatively permanent storage of information

Question 17

Serial position effect

Answer 17

the ability to recall items in a list depends on the order they are presented, first and last

Question 18

Levels of processing model

Answer 18

the deeper something is encoded, the more meaning it has and more easily it can be remembered

Question 19

Maintensance rehearsal

Answer 19

basic repitition

Question 20

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 20

encodes information in a more meaningful fashion, it’s elaborated upon to allow for proper sorting and encoding ex. what’s it look like, sound like, relate to item number 2

Question 21

Schemas

Answer 21

cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information

Question 22

retrieval cue

Answer 22

anything that helps a person recall information from their long term memory

Question 23

Encoding specificity principal

Answer 23

anything that was encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory for the experience

Question 24

Mnemonics

Answer 24

learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of internal cues like 50 state song

Question 25

explicit memory

Answer 25

requires conscious effort and can be described

Question 26

Declarative memory

Answer 26

memories one can talk about or declare

Question 27

episodic memory

Answer 27

personally experienced events

Question 28

semantic knowledge

Answer 28

facts and knowledge from others or books for example

Question 29

Implicit memory

Answer 29

often cant be described and no effort required like brushing teeth; no memory of learning how but its habitual

Question 30

Procedural memory

Answer 30

motor skills and habits - cartwheel

Question 31

Prospective memory

Answer 31

remembering to do something at a future time

Question 32

Transience

Answer 32

forgetting - decay of memory over time

Question 33

Blocking

Answer 33

forgetting - temporary inability to remember something - drawing a blank

Question 34

Absentmindedness

Answer 34

forgetting - encoding failure, reduced memory from failing to pay attention like when multitasking - losing keys

Question 35

persistence

Answer 35

remembering - resurgence of unwanted memories one would like to forget - scary, embarrassing, ptsd - helped through reconsolidation, propranolol, or HDAC inhibitors

Question 36

source Misattribution

Answer 36

Distortion - assigning a memory to the wrong source - thinking something at happened at the wrong time

Question 37

Bias

Answer 37

distortion - influence of current knowledge on memory of past events

Question 38

suggestibility

Answer 38

distortion - altering a memory because of misleading information -

Question 39

proactive interference

Answer 39

when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

Question 40

retroactive interference

Answer 40

when new information inhibits the ability to remember prior information

Question 41

amnesia

Answer 41

a deficit in long term memory that can result from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma. loses ability to retrieve vast quantities of information

Question 42

retrograde amnesia

Answer 42

people lose past memories - moments long to years long

Question 43

anterograde amnesia

Answer 43

a person loses the ability to make new memories

Question 44

Persistence

Answer 44

continual recurrence of unwanted memories

Question 45

memory bias

Answer 45

changing of memories overtime to stay with current beliefs and events

Question 46

flashbulb memories

Answer 46

vivid episodic memories from surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing events

Question 47

source amnesia

Answer 47

a type of misattribution that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information