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Bio 137 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

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2
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart pumps blood through vessels
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and moves carbon dioxide and waste away from cells, regulates acid base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

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3
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic fluid and lymphatic vessels
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
B Cells
T Cells

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4
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Returns proteins and fluid to blood, Carry lipids from GI tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells which protect against disease causing microbes

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5
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Lungs
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes

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6
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal chords produces sounds

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7
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Mouth
Pharynx
esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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8
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients,
Eliminates solid wastes

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9
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidney
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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10
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain acid base balance of body fluids, maintains body’s mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cells.

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11
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris
Mammary glands

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12
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes
Penis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate

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13
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A

Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism, gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes, associated organs transmit and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk.

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14
Q

Define non invasive diagnostic technique

A

A diagnostic technique that does not involve inserting an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.

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15
Q

Define inspection

A

The examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal

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16
Q

Define palpation

A

An examiner feels body surfaces with the hands

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17
Q

Define auscultation

A

The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs

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18
Q

Define percussion

A

The examiner taps the body surface with the fingertips to listen to the resulting sound

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19
Q

What are the six most important life processes in the human body?

A

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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20
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

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21
Q

Define catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.

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22
Q

Define anabolism

A

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller simpler components.

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23
Q

Define responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to stimuli.

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24
Q

Define movement

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and structures within cells

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25
Q

Define growth

A

An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of cells, number of cells, or both

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26
Q

Define differentiation

A

The development of a cell from an Unspecialized to a specialized state

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27
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.

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28
Q

Define reproduction

A

It refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or the production of a new individual.

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29
Q

Define autopsy

A

An post Morten examination of the body, dissection of internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death

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30
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintained of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

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31
Q

An important part of maintaining homeostasis is

A

Maintenance of the volume and composition of body fluids

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32
Q

Define body fluids

A

Dilute watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that exist inside of and outside of cells

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33
Q

Fluid within cells is called

A

Intercellular fluid or cytosol

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34
Q

Fluid found outside of the cells is known as

A

Extracellular fluid or ECF

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35
Q

Define interstitial fluid

A

Fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells

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36
Q

ECF within blood vessels is called

A

Blood plasma

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37
Q

ECF within lymphatic vessels is called

A

Lymph plasma

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38
Q

ECF around the brain and spinal cord is known as

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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39
Q

ECF in joints is referred to as

A

synovial fluid

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40
Q

ECF of the eyes is called

A

aqueous humor and vitreous body

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41
Q

which two systems are mostly responsible for correcting homeostatic imbalances

A

nervous and endocrine

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42
Q

how does the body regulate its internal environment

A

through feedback systems

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43
Q

define a feedback system or a feedbeck loop

A

a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on

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44
Q

controlled conditions are

A

internal variables that are constantly monitored by the body such as blood glucose

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45
Q

define stimulus

A

anything that changes a controlled condition

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46
Q

what are the three basic components of any feedback system

A

receptor
control center
effector

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47
Q

Define receptor

A

a body structure that onitors changes in a controlled condition and sends inputs into a control center

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48
Q

the pathway from the receptor to the control center is called

A

an afferent pathway

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49
Q

the input given by a receptor to a control center is in the form of

A

nerve impulses or chemical signals

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50
Q

What does a control center do

A

sets the range within which a controlled condition should remain, evaluates the inputs from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

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51
Q

Output from a control center usually occurs as

A

nerve impulses, hormones or other chemical signals

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52
Q

The pathway from the control center to the effector is known as

A

an efferent pathway

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53
Q

define effector

A

a body structure that recieves output from the control center and produces a response

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54
Q

define response

A

an effect that changes a controlled condition

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55
Q

Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an

A

effector

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56
Q

Define a negative feedback system

A

a feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition

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57
Q

define positive feedback system

A

a feedback system that strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the bodies controlled conditions the strengthening of the change is stopped by a certain mechanism like the birth of a baby

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58
Q

define disorder

A

any abnormality of structure or function

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59
Q

define disease

A

an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

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60
Q

A local disease effects

A

one part or a small region of the body

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61
Q

A systemic disease effects

A

either the entire body or several parts of it

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62
Q

define symptoms

A

subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

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63
Q

Define sign

A

Objective changes that a professional can obsereve or measure

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64
Q

Define epidemiology

A

the science that deals with when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

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65
Q

define pharmacology

A

Science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment of disease

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66
Q

Define diagnosis

A

the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

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67
Q

What is anatomical position

A

the standard position of reference used by healthcare professionals

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68
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

The patient stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward the lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward

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69
Q

describe prone posistion

A

lying face down

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70
Q

describe supine position

A

lying face up

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71
Q

name the principal regions of the body

A

Head
neck
trunk
upper limbs
lower limbs

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72
Q

The trunk consists of

A

The chest abdomen and pelvis

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73
Q

the trunk attaches to the lower limb at

A

the groin

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74
Q

What are directional terms

A

Words that describe the position of one body part relative to the other

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75
Q

Define plane

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts

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76
Q

sagittal plane

A

a longitudinal plane that divides the body in right and left sides but not directly through the midline

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77
Q

midsagittal plane

A

a sagittal plane through the midline

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78
Q

Midline

A

an imaginary line that divides the body into equal left and right halves

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79
Q

paramedian plane

A

a sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal left and right sides

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80
Q

Define a coronal or frontal plane

A

A longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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81
Q

Define transverse plane

A

A lattitudinal plane that divides the body in to top and bottom portions

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82
Q

An oblique plane

A

passes through the body at an oblique angle (any angle other than 90 degrees

83
Q

Define an anatomical section

A

a cut of the body or one of its organs made along a certain plane

84
Q

Body Cavity

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

85
Q

What separates different body cavities

A

bones muscles ligaments and other structures

86
Q

Crainial Cavity

A

a hollow space inside of the crainial bones

87
Q

the crainial cavity contains

A

the brain

88
Q

The bones of the vertebral column form

A

the vertebreal canal

89
Q

the vertebral canal contains

A

the spinal cord

90
Q

The menenges and cerebrospinal fluid surround

A

the brain and spinal cord

91
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

92
Q

Define contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

93
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the point of attachment

94
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment

95
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body

96
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

97
Q

What are the two cavities in the trunk

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

98
Q

What structures form the thoracic cavity

A

The ribs
Muscles of the chest
The sternum
Thoracic portion of the vertebral column

99
Q

The cavities within the thoracic cavity

A

Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities

100
Q

Mediastinum

A

An anatomical region in the center of the thoracic cavity

101
Q

Describe the location of the mediastinum

A

Between the lungs extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm

102
Q

The mediastinum contains

A

All of the thoracic organs except for the lungs

103
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

104
Q

Describe the location of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Extends from the diaphragm to the to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis

105
Q

The superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is called

A

The abdominal cavity

106
Q

The abdominal cavity contains

A

The stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Most of the large intestine

107
Q

The lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is called

A

The pelvic cavity

108
Q

The pelvic cavity contains

A

Urinary bladder
Portions of the large intestine
Most of the internal organs of the genital systems

109
Q

Define viscera

A

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

110
Q

Define membrane

A

A thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures

111
Q

Describe serous membrane

A

A slippery double layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior it covers the viscera and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

112
Q

What are the parts of the serous membrane

A

Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Serous fluid

113
Q

Describe the parietal layer

A

A thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities

114
Q

Describe the visceral layer

A

A thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities

115
Q

Where does serous fluid exist

A

In a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers

116
Q

What is the pleura

A

The serous membrane of the pleural cavities

117
Q

The visceral pleura

A

Clings to the surface of the lungs

118
Q

The parietal pleura

A

Lines the chest wall covering the superior surface of the diaphragm

119
Q

Between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura is

A

The pleural cavity

120
Q

The pleural cavity contains

A

A small amount of serous fluid

121
Q

The serous membrane for the pericardial cavity is called

A

The pericardium

122
Q

The visceral pericardium

A

Covers the surface of the heart

123
Q

The parietal pericardium

A

Lines the chest wall

124
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity

A

Between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

125
Q

The pericardial cavity contains

A

A small amount of serous fluid

126
Q

Define peritoneum

A

The serous membrane for the abdominal cavity

127
Q

The visceral peritoneum

A

Covers the abdominal viscera

128
Q

The parietal peritoneum

A

Lines the abdominal wall covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm

129
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity

A

Between the visceral and the parietal peritoneum

130
Q

The peritoneal cavity contains

A

A small amount of serous fluid

131
Q

Some abdominal organs are not surrounded by the peritoneum instead they are

A

Posterior to it

132
Q

Abdominal organs that are posterior to the peritoneum are known as

A

Retroperitoneal

133
Q

Name the retroperitoneal abdominal viscera

A

Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Duodenum
Ascending and descending colon
Portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

134
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

Nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity that are created by drawing a tic tac toe board on the abdomen

135
Q

The subcostal plane

A

The superior horizontal line that Passes across the lowest level of the tenth costal cartilages

136
Q

Transtubercular plane

A

The inferior horizontal line that passes across the superior margins of the iliac crests

137
Q

The left and right midclavicular planes

A

Are drawn from the midpoints of the clavicles just medial to the nipples

138
Q

From left to right top to bottom name the abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lateral
Umbilical
Left lateral
Right inguinal
Hypogastric
Left inguinal

139
Q

When dividing the abdominopelvic region into quadrants

A

A transverse plane and a medial plane pass through the umbilicus

140
Q

Name the quadrants from left to right top to bottom

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

141
Q

Define aging

A

A normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis

142
Q

Define medical imaging

A

Refers to techniques and procedures used to creat images of the human body

143
Q

DEXA scans test for

A

Bone density

144
Q

Angiography

A

A contrast X-ray of blood vessels

145
Q

Intravenous urography

A

Contrast X-ray of the urinary system

146
Q

Barium contracts X-ray

A

Contrast X-ray of the GI tract

147
Q

MRI

A

The body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field

148
Q

CT scan

A

X-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body

149
Q

Ultrasound

A

Uses high frequency sound waves that reflect off of body tissues

150
Q

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan

A

An iodine containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta blocker is given to decrease heart rate. Then numerous X-ray beams trace an arc around the heart and a scanner detects the X-ray beams and transmits them to a computer which produces a 3D image of the coronary blood vessels

151
Q

Positron emission tomography PET scan

A

A substance that emits positrons is injected into the body where it is taken up by tissues. The positrons collide with the negatively charged electrons in the body produces gamma rays which are photographed by a gamma ray camera

152
Q

Endoscopy

A

Visual examination of the inside of body organs using a lighted instrument with a lens called an endoscope

153
Q

Radionuclide scanning

A

A radioactive substance is introduced intravenously into the body and carried by blood tissue to be imaged

154
Q

Axial

A

Pertaining to the central part of the body. The head and trunk

155
Q

Cephalic

A

Pertaining to the head

156
Q

Crainial

A

Pertaining to the portion of the skull surrounding the brain

157
Q

Facial

A

Pertaining to the face

158
Q

Frontal

A

Pertaining to the forehead

159
Q

Orbital

A

Pertaining to the eye

160
Q

Otic

A

Pertaining to the ear

161
Q

Nasal

A

Pertaining to the nose

162
Q

Buccal

A

Pertaining to the cheek

163
Q

Oral

A

Pertaining to the mouth

164
Q

Mental

A

Pertaining to the chin

165
Q

Occipital

A

Pertaining to the back of the head

166
Q

Cervical

A

Pertaining to the neck

167
Q

Thoracic

A

Pertaining to the chest

168
Q

Sternal

A

Pertaining to the breast bone

169
Q

Pectoral

A

Pertaining to the chest

170
Q

Mammary

A

Pertaining to the breast

171
Q

Abdominal

A

Pertaining to the abdomen

172
Q

Umbilical

A

Pertaining to the navel

173
Q

Coxal

A

Pertaining to the hip

174
Q

Pelvic

A

Pertaining to the pelvis

175
Q

Pubic

A

Pertaining to the genital area

176
Q

Dorsal

A

Pertaining to the back

177
Q

Scapular

A

Pertaining to the shoulder blade reqion

178
Q

Vertebral

A

Pertaining to the spinal column

179
Q

Lumbar

A

Pertaining to the area of the back between the lowest rib and buttocks

180
Q

Appendicular

A

Pertaining to the extremities or limbs

181
Q

Acromial

A

Pertaining to the highest point of the shoulder

182
Q

Axillary

A

Pertaining to the armpit

183
Q

Brachial

A

Pertaining to the arm

184
Q

Antecubital

A

Pertaining to the anterior portion of the elbow

185
Q

Olecranal

A

Pertaining to the back of the elbow

186
Q

Antebrachial

A

Pertaining to the forearm

187
Q

Carpal

A

Pertaining to the wrist

188
Q

Manual

A

Pertaining to the hand

189
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

190
Q

Digital

A

Pertaining to the fingers

191
Q

Inguinal

A

Pertaining to the groin where the thigh attaches to the pelvis

192
Q

Gluteal

A

Pertaining to the buttocks

193
Q

Femoral

A

Pertaining to the thigh

194
Q

Patellar

A

Pertaining to the anterior surface of the knee

195
Q

Popliteal

A

Pertaining to the posterior surface of the knee

196
Q

Crural

A

Pertaining to the anterior surface of the leg

197
Q

Fibular

A

Pertaining to the lateral side of the leg

198
Q

Sural

A

Pertaining to the posterior surface of the leg

199
Q

Tarsal

A

Pertaining to the ankle

200
Q

Pedal

A

Pertaining to the foot

201
Q

Plantar

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

202
Q

Clacaneal

A

Pertaining to the heel

203
Q

Digital

A

Pertaining to the toes

Bio 137 (9 decks)

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