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Genetics Study > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

which genetic condition is found at an unexpectedly high frequency among the Hopi Native Americans?

dwarfism 
hemophilia 
albinism 
red-green color blindness 
sickle cell disease
A

albinism

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2
Q

which statement identifies what the green revolution relied upon genetic applications to accomplish ?

cure certain genetic diseases in humans

provide renewable energy sources

expand the worlds food production

determine which species are most closely related to humans

synthesize new drugs

A

expand the worlds food production

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3
Q

what is the complete set of genetic instructions for an organism?

its gemmules 
its genome
its mutations
its chromosomes 
its phenotype
A

its genome

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4
Q

the study of the chemical nature of the gene, and how genetic information is replicated and expressed, is art of what division of genetics?

population genetics 
transmission genetics 
pangenesis genetics 
diversity genetics 
molecular genetics
A

molecular genetics

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5
Q

what division of genetics is essentially a study of evolution?

pangenesis genetics 
transmission genetics 
population genetics 
diversity genetics 
molecular genetics
A

population genetic

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6
Q

which characteristic would not be considered useful for a model genetic organism?

inexpensive to house and propagate

a long generation time

adaptability to a laboratory environment

large numbers of offspring

easy to make crosses and evaluate offspring

A

a long generation time

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7
Q

which organism would not be considered a useful model genetic organism?

a bacterium 
the house mouse
a fruit fly
the cow 
a nematode
A

the cow

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8
Q

in what way have humans been applying the principles of heredity for millennia?

the theory of evolution through natural selection
the development of the germ-plasm theory
the concept of the cell theory
the domestication of plants and animals
the proposal that genes are located on chromosomes

A

the domestication of plants and animals

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9
Q

who discovered the basic principles of heredity?

Charles Darwin 
Thomas Hunt Morgan 
James Watson 
Gregor Mendel 
August Weismann
A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

what early concept of heredity proposed that genetic information in the form of particles called gemmules travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs ?

preformationism 
blending inheritance 
pangenesis
cell theory 
mendelian inheritance
A

pangenesis

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11
Q

what concept proposes that traits acquired in a persons lifetime become incorporated into that persons hereditary information and are passed on to offspring?

blending inheritance
mendelian inheritance 
preformationism 
inheritance of acquired characteristics 
pangenesis
A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

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12
Q

who was a nineteenth-century biologist who put forth the theory of evolution through natural selection and published his idea in the book entitled “On the Origin of Species”?

Thomas hunt Morgan 
Walter Sutton 
Frederick Sanger
Gregor Mendel 
Charles Darwin
A

Charles darwin

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13
Q

what characteristic makes prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

the DNA of prokaryotic cells contain uracil instead of thymine

prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotic cells contain a nuclear membrane

prokaryotic cells have their genes located on chromosomes

prokaryotic cells have RNA but not DNA as their genetic material

A

prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles

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14
Q

what are the multiple forms of one gene called?

chromosomes 
phenotypes 
traits 
gemmules 
alleles
A

alleles

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15
Q

what process involves separation of chromosomes in the division of somatic, nonsex, cells?

mitosis 
translation 
blending 
transcription 
mutation
A

mitosis

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16
Q

which of these describes a genome?

the diploid chromosomes in a cell or organism
the collection of genetic material in a cell or organism
the protein-coding genes in a cell or organism
the genetic material found in a cells nucleus
the haploid chromosomes in a sperm cell

A

the collection of genetic material in a cell or organism

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17
Q

what applies to hereditary genetics?

tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family

using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques

studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation

calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population

observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance

A

observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance
tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family

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18
Q

what applies to population genetics?

tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family

using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques

studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation

calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population

observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance

A

calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population

19
Q

what applies to molecular genetics?

tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family

using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques

calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population

studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation

observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance

A

using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques

studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation

20
Q

What is the most inclusive definition of a model organism (model system)?

an animal on which new treatments can be easily tested

an organism with a biological system that is representative of the same system in other organisms

an animal that is evolutionarily closely related to humans

an organism with a nervous system similar to that of humans

A

an organism with a biological system that is representative of the same system in other organisms

21
Q

genetics

A

study individual genes
control gene expression
study dna

22
Q

genomics

A

study interactions between many genes
assemble map of all chromosomes
observe mutant effects across the genome
study dna

23
Q

Which practices in agriculture and animal domestication demonstrate a rudimentary understanding of heredity and genetics?

When foraging for edible plants, gatherers avoided plants that produced poisonous berries.

To prevent injury to other livestock, ranchers removed the horns from bulls after birth.

Farmers planted seeds from trees that produced the largest, sweetest fruits and not from trees that produced the smallest or inedible fruits.

Nomads selected the sheep with the highest‑quality wool for breeding.

Primitive societies were more likely to kill wolves that were too aggressive and keep the less aggressive ones as pets and hunting companions.

A

Farmers planted seeds from trees that produced the largest, sweetest fruits and not from trees that produced the smallest or inedible fruits.

Nomads selected the sheep with the highest‑quality wool for breeding.

Primitive societies were more likely to kill wolves that were too aggressive and keep the less aggressive ones as pets and hunting companions.

24
Q

which ones are inherited traits?

blue eyes 
ability to read 
muscle mass gained from strength training 
detached earlobes 
small stature due to malnourishment
cystic fibrosis 
nose shape 
fetal alcohol syndrome
A

blue eyes
detached earlobes
cystic fibrosis
nose shape

25
Q

which ones are acquired traits?

blue eyes 
ability to read 
muscle mass gained from strength training 
detached earlobes 
small stature due to malnourishment
cystic fibrosis 
nose shape 
fetal alcohol syndrome
A

ability to read
muscle mass gained from strength training
small stature due to malnourishment
fetal alcohol syndrome

26
Q

preformationism

A

genetic information is inherited from one parent or the other, not both

27
Q

pangenesis concept

A

cells in different tissues have unique genetic codes that are transferred to the gonads to produce gametes

28
Q

germ-plasm theory

A

reproductive cells have complete genetic codes for their species

29
Q

which terms describe a gene?

a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript

one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus

long DNA molecules visible during mitosis

a functional unit of heredity

large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function

A

a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript

a functional unit of heredity

30
Q

which terms describe an allele?

a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript

one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus

long DNA molecules visible during mitosis

a functional unit of heredity

large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function

A

one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus

31
Q

which terms describe a chromosome?

a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript

one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus

long DNA molecules visible during mitosis

a functional unit of heredity

large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function

A

long DNA molecules visible during mitosis

large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function

32
Q

How does the structure of DNA encode genetic information?

the sequence of bases

the number of nucleotides in a DNA molecule

the arrangement of deoxyribose and phosphate molecules

the structure of the bases

A

the sequence of bases

33
Q

which descriptions pertain to prokaryotic cells?

lack mitochondria
include fungi
localize genome in the cytoplasm 
contain a nucleus 
contain enzymes
A

lack mitochondria
localize genome in the cytoplasm
contain enzymes

34
Q

which descriptions pertain to eukaryotic cells?

lack mitochondria
include fungi
localize genome in the cytoplasm 
contain a nucleus 
contain enzymes
A

include fungi
contain a nucleus
contain enzymes

35
Q

scientist who created the germ-plasm theory

A

august weismann

36
Q

scientists who created the cell theory

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

37
Q

scientist who created the rules of inheritance

A

Gregor Mendel

38
Q

scientist who created the polymerase chain reaction

A

kary mullis

39
Q

scientists who created the three-dimensional DNA structure

A

James Watson and Francis crick

40
Q

Which statement describes the central dogma of biology?

RNA is transcribed into DNA. DNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.

DNA is translated into RNA. RNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence.

DNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.

DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.

41
Q

which statements describe a gene?

may include plasmids

is a contiguous piece of DNA

determines a particular characteristic of an organism

describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism

is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes

codes for specific protein or RNA

each organism has one

functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA

acts as the basic unit of heredity

encodes all the heritable traits of an organism

is the largest molecule in the cell

is a linear or circular molecule

A

determines a particular characteristic of an organism
codes for specific protein or RNA
acts as the basic unit of heredity

42
Q

which statements describe a chromosome ?

may include plasmids

is a contiguous piece of DNA

determines a particular characteristic of an organism

describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism

is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes

codes for specific protein or RNA

each organism has one

functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA

acts as the basic unit of heredity

encodes all the heritable traits of an organism

is the largest molecule in the cell

is a linear or circular molecule

A

is a contiguous piece of DNA
is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes
functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA
is the largest molecule in the cell
is a linear or circular molecule

43
Q

which statements describe a genome?

may include plasmids

is a contiguous piece of DNA

determines a particular characteristic of an organism

describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism

is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes

codes for specific protein or RNA

each organism has one

functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA

acts as the basic unit of heredity

encodes all the heritable traits of an organism

is the largest molecule in the cell

is a linear or circular molecule

A

may include plasmids
describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism
each organism has one
encodes all the heritable traits of an organism

44
Q

What are the structures in a cell that group genes together, are composed of chromatin (DNA and protein), and become visible under a light microscope during mitosis?

nucleic acids

centromeres

centrioles

chromosomes

A

chromosomes

Genetics Study (14 decks)

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