Chapter 1 Flashcards
which genetic condition is found at an unexpectedly high frequency among the Hopi Native Americans?
dwarfism hemophilia albinism red-green color blindness sickle cell disease
albinism
which statement identifies what the green revolution relied upon genetic applications to accomplish ?
cure certain genetic diseases in humans
provide renewable energy sources
expand the worlds food production
determine which species are most closely related to humans
synthesize new drugs
expand the worlds food production
what is the complete set of genetic instructions for an organism?
its gemmules its genome its mutations its chromosomes its phenotype
its genome
the study of the chemical nature of the gene, and how genetic information is replicated and expressed, is art of what division of genetics?
population genetics transmission genetics pangenesis genetics diversity genetics molecular genetics
molecular genetics
what division of genetics is essentially a study of evolution?
pangenesis genetics transmission genetics population genetics diversity genetics molecular genetics
population genetic
which characteristic would not be considered useful for a model genetic organism?
inexpensive to house and propagate
a long generation time
adaptability to a laboratory environment
large numbers of offspring
easy to make crosses and evaluate offspring
a long generation time
which organism would not be considered a useful model genetic organism?
a bacterium the house mouse a fruit fly the cow a nematode
the cow
in what way have humans been applying the principles of heredity for millennia?
the theory of evolution through natural selection
the development of the germ-plasm theory
the concept of the cell theory
the domestication of plants and animals
the proposal that genes are located on chromosomes
the domestication of plants and animals
who discovered the basic principles of heredity?
Charles Darwin Thomas Hunt Morgan James Watson Gregor Mendel August Weismann
Gregor Mendel
what early concept of heredity proposed that genetic information in the form of particles called gemmules travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs ?
preformationism blending inheritance pangenesis cell theory mendelian inheritance
pangenesis
what concept proposes that traits acquired in a persons lifetime become incorporated into that persons hereditary information and are passed on to offspring?
blending inheritance mendelian inheritance preformationism inheritance of acquired characteristics pangenesis
inheritance of acquired characteristics
who was a nineteenth-century biologist who put forth the theory of evolution through natural selection and published his idea in the book entitled “On the Origin of Species”?
Thomas hunt Morgan Walter Sutton Frederick Sanger Gregor Mendel Charles Darwin
Charles darwin
what characteristic makes prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?
the DNA of prokaryotic cells contain uracil instead of thymine
prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotic cells contain a nuclear membrane
prokaryotic cells have their genes located on chromosomes
prokaryotic cells have RNA but not DNA as their genetic material
prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles
what are the multiple forms of one gene called?
chromosomes phenotypes traits gemmules alleles
alleles
what process involves separation of chromosomes in the division of somatic, nonsex, cells?
mitosis translation blending transcription mutation
mitosis
which of these describes a genome?
the diploid chromosomes in a cell or organism
the collection of genetic material in a cell or organism
the protein-coding genes in a cell or organism
the genetic material found in a cells nucleus
the haploid chromosomes in a sperm cell
the collection of genetic material in a cell or organism
what applies to hereditary genetics?
tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family
using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques
studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation
calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population
observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance
observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance
tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family
what applies to population genetics?
tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family
using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques
studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation
calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population
observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance
calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population
what applies to molecular genetics?
tracing pedigrees to determine patterns go gene transmission within a family
using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques
calculating genotype frequencies to understand phenotype changes in a population
studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation
observing phenotypes in offspring to understand gene inheritance
using recombinant DNA in sub cloning techniques
studying DNA- protein interactions to understand gene regulation
What is the most inclusive definition of a model organism (model system)?
an animal on which new treatments can be easily tested
an organism with a biological system that is representative of the same system in other organisms
an animal that is evolutionarily closely related to humans
an organism with a nervous system similar to that of humans
an organism with a biological system that is representative of the same system in other organisms
genetics
study individual genes
control gene expression
study dna
genomics
study interactions between many genes
assemble map of all chromosomes
observe mutant effects across the genome
study dna
Which practices in agriculture and animal domestication demonstrate a rudimentary understanding of heredity and genetics?
When foraging for edible plants, gatherers avoided plants that produced poisonous berries.
To prevent injury to other livestock, ranchers removed the horns from bulls after birth.
Farmers planted seeds from trees that produced the largest, sweetest fruits and not from trees that produced the smallest or inedible fruits.
Nomads selected the sheep with the highest‑quality wool for breeding.
Primitive societies were more likely to kill wolves that were too aggressive and keep the less aggressive ones as pets and hunting companions.
Farmers planted seeds from trees that produced the largest, sweetest fruits and not from trees that produced the smallest or inedible fruits.
Nomads selected the sheep with the highest‑quality wool for breeding.
Primitive societies were more likely to kill wolves that were too aggressive and keep the less aggressive ones as pets and hunting companions.
which ones are inherited traits?
blue eyes ability to read muscle mass gained from strength training detached earlobes small stature due to malnourishment cystic fibrosis nose shape fetal alcohol syndrome
blue eyes
detached earlobes
cystic fibrosis
nose shape
which ones are acquired traits?
blue eyes ability to read muscle mass gained from strength training detached earlobes small stature due to malnourishment cystic fibrosis nose shape fetal alcohol syndrome
ability to read
muscle mass gained from strength training
small stature due to malnourishment
fetal alcohol syndrome
preformationism
genetic information is inherited from one parent or the other, not both
pangenesis concept
cells in different tissues have unique genetic codes that are transferred to the gonads to produce gametes
germ-plasm theory
reproductive cells have complete genetic codes for their species
which terms describe a gene?
a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript
one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus
long DNA molecules visible during mitosis
a functional unit of heredity
large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function
a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript
a functional unit of heredity
which terms describe an allele?
a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript
one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus
long DNA molecules visible during mitosis
a functional unit of heredity
large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function
one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus
which terms describe a chromosome?
a chromosomal region that codes for a functional transcript
one of the different forms of a gene that exists at a single locus
long DNA molecules visible during mitosis
a functional unit of heredity
large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function
long DNA molecules visible during mitosis
large genetic element that carries genes essential to cellular function
How does the structure of DNA encode genetic information?
the sequence of bases
the number of nucleotides in a DNA molecule
the arrangement of deoxyribose and phosphate molecules
the structure of the bases
the sequence of bases
which descriptions pertain to prokaryotic cells?
lack mitochondria include fungi localize genome in the cytoplasm contain a nucleus contain enzymes
lack mitochondria
localize genome in the cytoplasm
contain enzymes
which descriptions pertain to eukaryotic cells?
lack mitochondria include fungi localize genome in the cytoplasm contain a nucleus contain enzymes
include fungi
contain a nucleus
contain enzymes
scientist who created the germ-plasm theory
august weismann
scientists who created the cell theory
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
scientist who created the rules of inheritance
Gregor Mendel
scientist who created the polymerase chain reaction
kary mullis
scientists who created the three-dimensional DNA structure
James Watson and Francis crick
Which statement describes the central dogma of biology?
RNA is transcribed into DNA. DNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.
DNA is translated into RNA. RNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence.
DNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.
DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.
DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated into an amino acid sequence.
which statements describe a gene?
may include plasmids
is a contiguous piece of DNA
determines a particular characteristic of an organism
describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism
is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes
codes for specific protein or RNA
each organism has one
functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA
acts as the basic unit of heredity
encodes all the heritable traits of an organism
is the largest molecule in the cell
is a linear or circular molecule
determines a particular characteristic of an organism
codes for specific protein or RNA
acts as the basic unit of heredity
which statements describe a chromosome ?
may include plasmids
is a contiguous piece of DNA
determines a particular characteristic of an organism
describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism
is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes
codes for specific protein or RNA
each organism has one
functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA
acts as the basic unit of heredity
encodes all the heritable traits of an organism
is the largest molecule in the cell
is a linear or circular molecule
is a contiguous piece of DNA
is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes
functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA
is the largest molecule in the cell
is a linear or circular molecule
which statements describe a genome?
may include plasmids
is a contiguous piece of DNA
determines a particular characteristic of an organism
describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism
is a unit of DNA carrying genetic information encoded in genes
codes for specific protein or RNA
each organism has one
functions to package, organize, and regulate access to DNA
acts as the basic unit of heredity
encodes all the heritable traits of an organism
is the largest molecule in the cell
is a linear or circular molecule
may include plasmids
describes the collection of all of the replicable genetic material of a cell or organism
each organism has one
encodes all the heritable traits of an organism
What are the structures in a cell that group genes together, are composed of chromatin (DNA and protein), and become visible under a light microscope during mitosis?
nucleic acids
centromeres
centrioles
chromosomes
chromosomes
