Chapter 1

Question 1

Data

Answer 1

A collection of observations

Question 2

Statistics

Answer 2

The science of planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and
drawing conclusions based on the data

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

All of the individuals or items to be studied

Question 4

Cencus

Answer 4

The collection of data from every member of the population

Question 5

Sample

Answer 5

A subcollection of members selected from a population

Question 6

Things to consider

Answer 6

• Context of the data
• Source of the data
• Sampling method
• Conclusions
• Practical implications

Question 7

Correlation is not

Answer 7

Causation

Question 8

Parameter

Answer 8

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population

Question 9

Statistic

Answer 9

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

Question 10

Quantitative data

Answer 10

Numerical data representing counts or measures

Question 11

Categorical data

Answer 11

Qualitative data representing names or labels

Question 12

Discrete data

Answer 12

The number of possible values is either a finite

number or a “countable” number. (That is, the number of possible values is 0 or 1 or 2, and so on.)

Question 13

Continuous (numerical) data

Answer 13

Infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values with-out gaps, interruptions, or jumps.

Question 14

Nominal level of measurement

Answer 14

Names, labels, or categories only; cannot be arranged in low to high, grades, eye color

Question 15

Ordinal level of measurement

Answer 15

Can be arranged in some order, but differences (obtained by subtraction) between data values
either cannot be determined or are meaningless, ranks

Question 16

Interval level of measurement

Answer 16

Can be arranged in order, and differences (obtained by subtraction) between data values are meaningful; no natural zeros, temperatures, years

Question 17

Ratio level of measurement

Answer 17

Can be arranged in order, and differences (obtained by subtraction) between data values are meaningful with natural zeros; distances, prices

Question 18

Ways to misuse statistics

Answer 18

Lie, bad graphs, bad samples, bias, Correlation and Causality, reported results, Misused Percentage, Loaded Questions, poor wording

Question 19

Voluntary response sample

Answer 19

the respondents themselves decide whether to be included; stronger opinionated people mostly

Question 20

Correlation and Causality

Answer 20

Statistical association does not mean one variable causes the other

Question 21

Observational study

Answer 21

Observe and measure specific characteristics,

but we don’t attempt to modify the subjects being studied

Question 22

Experiment

Answer 22

Apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on the subjects

Question 23

Simple random sample

Answer 23

A specific number of subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample of the same size n has the same chance of being chosen

Question 24

Random sample

Answer 24

members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 25

Probability sample

Answer 25

Selecting members from a population in

such a way that each member of the population has a known (but not necessarily the same) chance of being selected