Chapter 1-1 Flashcards
What are the three ages of the history of computers?
Mechanical Age, Electrical Age, Microprocessor Age
Was the first mechanical calculator
Abacus
When was the abacus invented?
500 BC
Who invented the abacus?
Babylonians
What was the calculator that Blaise Pascal made out of?
gears and wheels
Who invented a calculator constructed of gears and wheels?
Blaise Pascal
When did Blaise Pascal invent a calculator of gears and wheels?
1642
How many teeth did each gear of Blaise Pascal’s calculator have?
10 teeth
What kind of programming language was named after Blaise Pascal?
PASCAL programming language
An early pioneer of mechanical computing machinery
Charles Babbage
What was the first mechanical computer called?
Analytical Engine
Who invented the analytical engine?
Charles Babbage
Who aided Charles Babbage with mechanical computing machinery?
Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace
Who commissioned to build a programmable calculating machine?
Royal Astronomical Society
When did the Royal Astronomical Society commissioned to build a programmable calculating machine?
1823
Purpose of the Royal Astronomical Society’s commission to build a programmable calculating machine.
Royal Navy navigational tables
What powers Babbage’s Analytical Engine?
steam; steam-powered
What can Babbage’s analytical machine store?
a thousand 20-digit decimal numbers
Assumed to be the origin of the idea for punched cards.
Joseph Jacquard
What did Joseph Jacquard invent?
Weaving Machine
When was the weaving machine invented?
1801
Who conceived the electrical motor?
Michael Faraday
When was the electric motor invented?
1800s/1821
Was a handheld electronic calculator introduced by Bomar Corporation
Bomar Brain
Who invented the Bomar Brain?
Bomar Corporation
Who developed punched cards for storing data?
Herman Hollerith
When did Herman Hollerith develop punched cards for storing data?
1889
What were the punched cards used in early computer systems called?
Hollerith cards
12-bit code used on a punched card
Hollerith code
How many bits of code can be used on a punched card?
12-bit
Invented the first modern electromechanical computer
Konrad Zuse
What was the first modern electromechanical computer?
Z3
Probable reason for the invention of Z3
aircraft and missile design
What was the Z3 relay logic frequency clocked at?
5.33 Hz
Son of Konrad Zuse
Horst Zuse
Electronic computer used to break secret German military codes
Colossus
Who invented the Colossus?
Alan Turing
What was the Colossus made out of?
Vacuum Tubes
Mechanical machine that made the secret German military codes.
Enigma Machine
A fixed-program computer system is often called today as a ________.
Special-Purpose Computer
What does ENIAC stand for?
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
First general-purpose, programmable electronic computer system
ENIAC
When was ENIAC developed?
1946
Where was ENIAC developed?
University of Pennsylvania
How many vacuum tubes; how much wires; how much weight; how many operations per second; did ENIAC have?
17 000; 500 miles; over 30 tons; 100 000 operations per second
How was ENIAC programmed?
Rewiring Circuits
Why did ENIAC require frequent maintenance?
vacuum tube service life
Who developed the transistor?
John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain
Where was the transistor developed?
Bell Labs
When was the transistor developed?
December 23, 1947
Who invented the integrated circuit?
Jack Kilby
When was the IC invented?
1958
Where did Jack Kilby work?
Texas Instruments
What does RTL mean?
Resistor-to-Transistor Logic
Where/Who developed the first microprocessor
Intel Corporation
When was the first microprocessor developed?
1971
Who developed the 4004 microprocessor
Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor
The patent for the 4004
US Patent 3 821 715
The first ______ was constructed of ones and zeros using binary codes.
Machine Language
Groups of instructions
Program
First modern person to develop a system to accept instructions and store them in memory.
John Von Neumann
What are computers often called?
von Neumann machines
What does UNIVAC mean?
Universal Automatic Computer
Was used to simplify entering binary code
Assembly Language
Allows programmers to use mnemonic codes in place of a binary number
Assembler
First high-level programming language
FLOWMATIC
Who developed FLOWMATIC?
Grace Hopper
When was FLOWMATIC developed?
1957
Allowed programmers to develop programs that used formulas to solve mathematical problems
FORTRAN
What does FORTRAN mean?
Formula Translator
Who invented FORTRAN?
IBM
What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines Corporation
Similar language to FORTRAN but was introduced about a year later
ALGOL
What does ALGOL stand for?
Algorithmic Language
First successfully widespread programming language for business applications.
COBOL
What does COBOL stand for?
Computer Business Oriented Language
A once popular business language that allows programming by specifying form of the input, output, and calculations.
RPG or Report Program Generator
Among most of the common languages today that is probably easiest of all to learn
BASIC
World’s first microprocessor
Intel 4004
How many bits does Intel 4004 have?
4-bits
A binary digit with a value of 1 or 0
Bit
What do you call a 4-bit-wide memory location?
Nibble
How many instructions did the Intel 4004 instruction set have?
45 instructions
What codes are calculators typically based on?
4-bit BCD
What does BCD stand for?
Binary Coded Decimal
An updated version of the Intel 4004
Intel 4040
An extended 8-bit version of the Intel 4004
Intel 8008
When was the Intel 8008 released?
1971
Is generally an 8-bit wide binary number
Byte
Actual number of bytes in K
1024
How much memory did Intel 8008 have?
16kB
How many instructions does Intel 8008 have?
48 instructions
First of the modem 8-bit microprocessors
Intel 8080
When was the Intel 8080 introduced?
1973
8-bit microprocessor introduced by the Motorola Corporation
MC6800
8-bit microprocessor introduced by Fairchild
F-8
8-bit microprocessor introduced by MOS Technology
6502
8-bit microprocessor introduced by National Semiconductor
IMP-8
8-bit microprocessor introduced by Rockwell International
PPS-8
8-bit microprocessor introduced by Zilog
Z-8
What is the Motorola microprocessor division that was sold called now?
Freescale Semiconductors, Inc.
Company that still manufactures microprocessors but more on microcontrollers and embedded controllers than general-purpose microprocessors
Zilog
How much memory did Intel 8080 have?
64kB
How many instructions did 8080 have?
76 instructions
How much faster is 8080 than 8008?
10x faster
What does TTL mean?
transistor-transistor logic
What was compatible for 8080 that was not directly compatible to 8008?
TTL
First personal computer
MITS Altair 8800
What does MITS stand for?
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
When was MITS Altair 8800 released?
1974
Who developed BASIC language interpreter for the Altair 8800 computer?
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
Founders of Microsoft Corporation
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
When was the BASIC language interpreter for Altair 8800 developed?
1975
Was the last 8-bit, general purpose microprocessor developed by Intel
Intel 8085
When was Intel 8085 introrduced?
1977
Number of instructions of Intel 8085
246
Instructions per second of Intel 8085
769 230
Instructions per second of Intel 8080
500 000
Instructions per second of 8008
50 000
16-bit microprocessors released by Intel
8086 & 8088
When were 16-bit microprocessors first released by Intel?
1978
How much memory does 8086 and 8088 have?
1MB
Actual number of bytes in 1MB
1 048 576
How many instructions for Intel 8086&8088
over 20 000
Instructions per second of 8086/8088
2.5 millions
What were 8086 and 8088 called because of the additional instructions that eased task of developing efficient and sophisticated applications
CISC
What does CISC mean?
Complex Instruction Set Computers
When was the popularity of Intel ensured?
1981
An updated Intel 8086
Intel 80286
When was Intel 80286 introduced?
1983
Instructions per second of 80286
4 millions
32-Bit microprocessor by Intel
Intel 80386
When was Intel 80386 introduced
1986
How much memory did 80386 have?
4GB
Exact number of bytes in GB
1 073 741 824
Was called an embedded PC because it contains all components of the AT class computer on a single integrated circuit
Intel 80386EX
How many lines does 80386EX have for input/output data?
24
How many bits address bus does 80386EX have?
26-bit
How many bits data bus does 80386EX have?
16-bit
When was the Intel 80486 introduced?
1989
Is an Intel double-clocked microprocessor
80486DX2
Rate of instructions execution for double-clocked
66MHz
Rate of memory transfers for double-clocked
33MHz
Similar to 80386 and 80486 and was originally labeled as P5.
Pentium Miroprocessor
Original label of Pentium Microprocessor
P5
When was Pentium introduced?
1993
speed of Pentium
110MIPs
What can Intel allow Pentium to replace?
RISC
What does RISC stand for?
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
What made some newer RISC processors execute more than one instruction per clock possible?
Superscaler Technology
Microprocessor formerly named P6
Pentium Pro Processor
How many transistors does Pentium Pro Processor have?
21 million
Clock frequency of Pentium Pro Processor
150 and 166 MHz
How many L1 cache does Pentium Pro Processor have?
16K
How many L2 cache does Pentium Pro Processor have?
256K
How many execution engines does Pentium Pro Processor use?
3
Where was Pentium Pro often bundled with?
Windows NT
Memory system that Pentium Pro can address
4GB or 64GB
Address bus of Pentium Pro if configured for 64GB memory
36-bit
When was Pentium Pro introduced?
1995
Intel microprocessor that was placed on a small circuit board instead of being an integrated circuit
Pentium II
When was Pentium II released?
1997
Bus speed of newer Pentium II
100MHz
When did Intel change Pentium II bus speed?
1998
Specifically designed for high-end workstation and server applications
Pentium Xeon
When was Pentium Xeon released?
mid-1998
Clock frequency of Pentium III
1GHz
When was the Pentium 4 first made available?
late 2000
Most recent version of Pentium
Core2
Speed of Pentium 4
3.2 Ghz
What memory does the supporting chips for Pentium 4 use?
RAMBUS or DDR
Speed of Core2
3 GHz
What were included in the recent modifications to Pentium 4 and Core2
64-bit core and multiple cores
How many address pins is needed for 1T memory to be accessed?
40
New Intel architecture 64 bits in width and 128-bit data bus
Itanium
Joint Venture of Intel and Hewlett-Packard
EPIC - Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
When was the Itanium released?
2002
