chap12 Flashcards
Erikson’s theory posited that _
each stage of life is associated with a particular crisis, or problem, to be resolved through interactions with other people.
infancy, according to Erikson, the primary problem is that of _
developing a sense of trust
Bowlby (1958, 1980) contended that _
the emotional bond between human infant and adult caregiver—especially the mother—is promoted by a set of instinctive tendencies in both partners. (crying of child and pleasure of adult when baby comforted)
(Attachment to caregivers)
- Harlow’s monkeys raised w surrogate mothers → one made of _ and the other _
bare wire
covered with soft terry cloth
Mary Ainsworth—who originally worked with Bowlby—developed the _ (Ainsworth et al., 1978). Briefly, the _begins with a mother and her infant, between the ages of 12 and 18 months, entering a small room, blabla…
strange-situation test
strange-situation test
about 60% of the babies tested by Ainsworth and by others are classified as having _
secure attachment
infants actively explore while in the room with their mothers, and they become upset when their mothers leave them. When the mother returns, a _ baby will often run or crawl to her, greeting her warmly. The mother is able to soothe the child to the extent that sometimes the child returns to play with the stranger.
secure attachment
securely attached
Approximately 10% of the babies tested are classified as having _
insecure-resistant attachment
infants appear anxious even with their mothers and tend not to explore much. They become very distressed when the mother leaves, but are ambivalent and display anger on her return. They stay near the mother after she returns but seem to resent her earlier departure and often resist her attempts at contact. These babies are wary of the unfamiliar adult, even when the mother is present.
insecure-resistant attachment
About 15% of the babies tested are classified as having _.
insecure-avoidant attachment
Unlike the resistant infants, they show little distress when the mother departs, avoid contact with the mother when she returns, and usually don’t show wariness of the stranger, although they may avoid the stranger much as they do the mother.
insecure-avoidant attachment
_, includes infants who did not readily fit into Ainsworth’s classification system. About 15% of middle-class children are classified as it
disorganized/disoriented attachment
_ infants show no coherent strategy for dealing with stress during separation and reunion in the strange-situation test.
disorganized/disoriented
Ainsworth hypothesized that infants would become securely attached to mothers who provide regular contact comfort, respond promptly and helpfully to the infant’s signals of distress, and interact with the infant in an emotionally synchronous manner—a constellation of behaviors referred to today as _.
sensitive care
Ainsworth and other researchers subsequently found significant _ between ratings of the mother’s sensitive care and security of the infant’s attachment to the mother
positive correlations
_ (1989) also predicted that secure attachment would lead to positive effects later on in life. This view was very much in line with that of (1973), who proposed that infants develop an internal “,” or cognitive representation, of their first attachment relationship and that this model affects their subsequent relationships throughout life.
It was also consistent with _ (1963) theory that secure attachment in infancy results in a general sense of trust of other people and oneself, allowing the infant to enter subsequent stages of life in a confident, growth-promoting manner.
Ainsworth
Bowlby
working model
Erikson’s
some children are more susceptible to parental effects than are others: 5-HTTLLPR gene –> _ allele and _ allele. children who are homozygous for _ are less affected by negative environmental experiences and show highly secured attachments regardless of level of maternal sensitivity
s (short)
l (long)
l allele
The l allele results in greater uptake of _ into brain neurons than does the s allele.
serotonin
The psychologically healthy person, in Erikson’s theory, is one who responds appropriately to others’ needs without sacrificing his or her own sense of self-control. Developmental psychologists refer to such actions as _, voluntary behavior intended to benefit other people
prosocial behavior
Until about 15 months of age, the child’s distress when others are distressed is best referred to as _ (Hoffman, 2007). The distressed child seeks comfort for himself or herself rather than for the other distressed person. At about 15 months, however, children begin to respond to another’s discomfort by _, and by 2 years of age they begin to _
egocentric empathy
attempting to comfort that person
succeed at such comforting
the young child’s natural tendency to give and help. children who receive _ demonstrate more giving/comforting
most sensitive care
the more infa,t is old, the _ he shares
more
Like chimpanzees, children of about 2 years of age and younger frequently engage in _
emulation (They seem to understand the goal a model has in mind, but do not restrict themselves to using the same behaviors as the model did to achieve that goal)
beginning about 3rd bday most children faithfully repeat the actions of a model, even if many of those actions are irrelevant and if there is a more efficient way to solve the problem (Hoehl et al., 2014; Nielsen et al., 2015). named _
overimitation
