chap11 - aggression Flashcards
define aggression and its types
intentional behav -> cause physical or psych pain
HOSTILE or INSTRUMENTAL
hostile aggression
stems from feelings of ANGER -> aims to inflict pain / injury
Instrumental aggression
goal oriented, not necessarily to cause pain
m vs f in aggression
boys n men : more aggress (esp phys)than females
girls n wom : uses more psych / covert aggression
how does aggression change w culture
levels of aggress change over time w changing social conditions (eg iroquois used to be peaceful till europeans arrived -> incrased competition -> more aggress)
how’s aggress seen in Cultures of Honour
violence seen as acceptable way to protect one’s honour & reputation
evolutionary psych arguments for genetic basis of aggression in men
1 establish dominance to be preferred amongst females
2 protect paternity thru jealousy-motivated aggress ie pass genes on if ever threatened by sexual infidelity- wants continuation of offspring
what do animal studies in aggression show
it’s instinctual & leanred ie ENVIRONMENT of rearing important (eg cat raised w rat where early exp can override instinctive behav to eat rat)
how does consumption of alcohol influence aggression
more u drink, more likely to behave aggressively
Family violence + bullying aggress associated w alcohol use
why does alcohol increase aggressivity
1 reduces inhibitions & anxiety,
2 disrupts info-processing (reacts to earliest n most obvious aspects of situation, missing subtilities)
3 think-drink effect (when u drink, u behave more like how u think u’ll behave once drunk rather than behave accordingly to how much u actually drank. even if drink modestly or non, if u BELIEVE u’ll behave aggressly then u most likely will)
how to increase aggressivity ie lower threshold for aggress behav
pain, physical discomforts that can annoy u
eg heat, humidity, air pollution, stank, stub ur toe
define frustration
perception that u’re being prevented from obtaining a goal
frustration-aggression theory
frustration’ll incr probability of aggress resp
what increases chance that frustration will lead to aggression?
a. prevented from reaching goal u were so close to ie closer to goal - greater the expected pleasure
b. frustration is unexpected ie consider size n strength of person u wanna retaliate against
c. relative deprivation
relative deprivation
perception that u have less than u deserve, less than what u’ve been led to expect, or less than what pple similar to u have - leads to frustration that causes aggression
direct provocation & reciprocation: how’ll pple react to intentional aggressive behav from smne
urge to reciprocate / retaliate
how’ll pple react if aggression towards u seems unintentional, or other known circumstance known
wont retaliate
how does social exclusion affect aggression
pain of being excluded INCReases agression
how’s aggresivity measured
blast loud noise - louder n longer = more aggressive
how do pple react to social exlucsion
feel unmet need for socializing therefore appeal to socializing more - like feeling hungry
aggressive objects as aggressive cues: define aggressive stimulus
object asociated w aggress resp (eg gun) whose mere presence can INCRease probability of aggression
what’s level of ppts anger when presence of gun / aggressive stimulus is in room vs no weapon present?
ppts w gun in room gave more intense eletric shocks
how does stricter gun control affect homicide rates? what does this mean?
lower homicide rates in places w strict gun control compared to those w loose - means aggress behav is LEARNED
learning to behave aggresseively -
social learning theory
learn social behav (eg aggression) by OBSERVING others + IMITATIng them
* bandura bobo doll study
what was bandura’s bobo dool study and what did it prove
kids watched adult model aggressive behav toward doll then later imitated
then kids who didnt watch did not behav aggressively -
proved that aggresivity from upbringing can be learnt n applied in conflict
how does violence in media affect likelihood of aggression?
correlation: + association bw amount of violent tv one watches & likelihood of behav aggress
exp shows that more violence watched, incr aggress behav
effects of violent vid games
incr aggress behav,
aggressive thoughts,
aggressive feelings/affect,
decr empathy & prosocial
repeated exposure to media violence numbing & dehumanizing effects…
1 reduce sensitivity /numbs rxns to those violent events
2 more likely to be oblivious to needs of others (take longer to help)
research on viewing violen porn associated w…
incr acceptance & behav of aggressivity toward women physically n sexually
how to reduce aggression w punishments (deterrents) - 2 conditions
1 punishment is quick n certain
2 unavoidable
however, punishments usually take long t therefore dont seem to deter violent crime
why dont states w death penalty (severe punishment) necessarily have lower rates of aggression?
bc punishment often delayed too long w judicial system therefore conditions for successful deterrent unmet
define catharsis
blow off steam relieves built-up aggressive nrg to REDUCE likelihood of further aggression
does catharsis work - what do studies say?
not highly supported for catharsis hypothesis - pple often more aggressive after venting - eg football players had higher hostility at end of season
how does one feel after aggressing against smne? ie being the perpetrator of aggression
exp cognitive dissonance which u wanna reduce -> by conviincing urself that derogating victim to justify ur act of cruelty. if u think u’re decent, then they must be bad and u did right, sets in motion further acts of aggression
strategies to deal w anger?
1 communication + problem solve by calming down and clearly stating what made u angry
2 diffuse thru apology
3 model non-aggressive behav (fake it till u make it)
4 build empathy (eziest way to get angry is to dehumanize other)
