chap11 - aggression

Question 1

define aggression and its types

Answer 1

intentional behav -> cause physical or psych pain

HOSTILE or INSTRUMENTAL

Question 2

hostile aggression

Answer 2

stems from feelings of ANGER -> aims to inflict pain / injury

Question 3

Instrumental aggression

Answer 3

goal oriented, not necessarily to cause pain

Question 4

m vs f in aggression

Answer 4

boys n men : more aggress (esp phys)than females

girls n wom : uses more psych / covert aggression

Question 5

how does aggression change w culture

Answer 5

levels of aggress change over time w changing social conditions (eg iroquois used to be peaceful till europeans arrived -> incrased competition -> more aggress)

Question 6

how’s aggress seen in Cultures of Honour

Answer 6

violence seen as acceptable way to protect one’s honour & reputation

Question 7

evolutionary psych arguments for genetic basis of aggression in men

Answer 7

1 establish dominance to be preferred amongst females

2 protect paternity thru jealousy-motivated aggress ie pass genes on if ever threatened by sexual infidelity- wants continuation of offspring

Question 8

what do animal studies in aggression show

Answer 8

it’s instinctual & leanred ie ENVIRONMENT of rearing important (eg cat raised w rat where early exp can override instinctive behav to eat rat)

Question 9

how does consumption of alcohol influence aggression

Answer 9

more u drink, more likely to behave aggressively

Family violence + bullying aggress associated w alcohol use

Question 10

why does alcohol increase aggressivity

Answer 10

1 reduces inhibitions & anxiety,
2 disrupts info-processing (reacts to earliest n most obvious aspects of situation, missing subtilities)
3 think-drink effect (when u drink, u behave more like how u think u’ll behave once drunk rather than behave accordingly to how much u actually drank. even if drink modestly or non, if u BELIEVE u’ll behave aggressly then u most likely will)

Question 11

how to increase aggressivity ie lower threshold for aggress behav

Answer 11

pain, physical discomforts that can annoy u

eg heat, humidity, air pollution, stank, stub ur toe

Question 12

define frustration

Answer 12

perception that u’re being prevented from obtaining a goal

Question 13

frustration-aggression theory

Answer 13

frustration’ll incr probability of aggress resp

Question 14

what increases chance that frustration will lead to aggression?

Answer 14

a. prevented from reaching goal u were so close to ie closer to goal - greater the expected pleasure
b. frustration is unexpected ie consider size n strength of person u wanna retaliate against
c. relative deprivation

Question 15

relative deprivation

Answer 15

perception that u have less than u deserve, less than what u’ve been led to expect, or less than what pple similar to u have - leads to frustration that causes aggression

Question 16

direct provocation & reciprocation: how’ll pple react to intentional aggressive behav from smne

Answer 16

urge to reciprocate / retaliate

Question 17

how’ll pple react if aggression towards u seems unintentional, or other known circumstance known

Answer 17

wont retaliate

Question 18

how does social exclusion affect aggression

Answer 18

pain of being excluded INCReases agression

Question 19

how’s aggresivity measured

Answer 19

blast loud noise - louder n longer = more aggressive

Question 20

how do pple react to social exlucsion

Answer 20

feel unmet need for socializing therefore appeal to socializing more - like feeling hungry

Question 21

aggressive objects as aggressive cues: define aggressive stimulus

Answer 21

object asociated w aggress resp (eg gun) whose mere presence can INCRease probability of aggression

Question 22

what’s level of ppts anger when presence of gun / aggressive stimulus is in room vs no weapon present?

Answer 22

ppts w gun in room gave more intense eletric shocks

Question 23

how does stricter gun control affect homicide rates? what does this mean?

Answer 23

lower homicide rates in places w strict gun control compared to those w loose - means aggress behav is LEARNED

Question 24

learning to behave aggresseively -

social learning theory

Answer 24

learn social behav (eg aggression) by OBSERVING others + IMITATIng them
* bandura bobo doll study

Question 25

what was bandura's bobo dool study and what did it prove

Answer 25

kids watched adult model aggressive behav toward doll then later imitated then kids who didnt watch did not behav aggressively - proved that aggresivity from upbringing can be learnt n applied in conflict

Question 26

how does violence in media affect likelihood of aggression?

Answer 26

correlation: + association bw amount of violent tv one watches & likelihood of behav aggress exp shows that more violence watched, incr aggress behav

Question 27

effects of violent vid games

Answer 27

incr aggress behav, aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings/affect, decr empathy & prosocial

Question 28

repeated exposure to media violence numbing & dehumanizing effects...

Answer 28

1 reduce sensitivity /numbs rxns to those violent events | 2 more likely to be oblivious to needs of others (take longer to help)

Question 29

research on viewing violen porn associated w...

Answer 29

incr acceptance & behav of aggressivity toward women physically n sexually

Question 30

how to reduce aggression w punishments (deterrents) - 2 conditions

Answer 30

1 punishment is quick n certain 2 unavoidable however, punishments usually take long t therefore dont seem to deter violent crime

Question 31

why dont states w death penalty (severe punishment) necessarily have lower rates of aggression?

Answer 31

bc punishment often delayed too long w judicial system therefore conditions for successful deterrent unmet

Question 32

define catharsis

Answer 32

blow off steam relieves built-up aggressive nrg to REDUCE likelihood of further aggression

Question 33

does catharsis work - what do studies say?

Answer 33

not highly supported for catharsis hypothesis - pple often more aggressive after venting - eg football players had higher hostility at end of season

Question 34

how does one feel after aggressing against smne? ie being the perpetrator of aggression

Answer 34

exp cognitive dissonance which u wanna reduce -> by conviincing urself that derogating victim to justify ur act of cruelty. if u think u're decent, then they must be bad and u did right, sets in motion further acts of aggression

Question 35

strategies to deal w anger?

Answer 35

1 communication + problem solve by calming down and clearly stating what made u angry 2 diffuse thru apology 3 model non-aggressive behav (fake it till u make it) 4 build empathy (eziest way to get angry is to dehumanize other)