Chap 9 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Flashcards
1
Q
rheumatic heart disease
A
Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valve
2
Q
dissecting aneurysm
A
An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta
3
Q
arteriole
A
A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries
4
Q
Sinus rhythm = one complete cycle P wave QRS T wave U wave
A
What are the various waves of the sinus rhythm
5
Q
ABBREV for Electrocardiography
A
ECG
6
Q
hemorrhoid
A
A varicose vein in the rectum
7
Q
precordium
A
The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax
8
Q
stenosis
A
Constriction or narrowing of an opening
9
Q
atrium
A
An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart
10
Q
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
A
Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg’s saphenous vein
11
Q
nitroglycerin
A
A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels
12
Q
embolus
A
A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body
13
Q
dyspnea
A
Difficult or labored breathing
14
Q
bruit
A
An abnormal sound heard in auscultation
15
Q
cardiac catheterization
A
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure
16
Q
murmur
A
An abnormal heart sound
17
Q
creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
A
Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage
18
Q
functional murmur
A
Any sound produced as the heart functions normally
19
Q
plaque
A
With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel.
20
Q
troponin (Tn)
A
A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)
21
Q
ROOT atri/o
A
ROOT FOR atrium
22
Q
apical pulse
A
Pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midline
23
Q
heart
A
The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o)
24
Q
List the vessels from leaving the heart to returning to the heart
A
Arteries –> arterioles –> Capillaries –> venules –> veins
25
Atria
upper receiving chambers of heart
26
pulmonary circuit
The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart
27
lymphatic system
The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract
28
intermittent claudication
Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with rest
29
thrombus
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel
30
ROOT arter/o, arteri/o
ROOT FOR artery
31
Systole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
This term means blood pressure measured during heart contraction
32
ROOT ventricul/o
ROOT FOR cavity, ventricle
33
AV bundle
A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His
34
blood pressure
The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel
35
tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy
36
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure
37
phonocardiography
Electronic recording of heart sounds
38
intraaortic balloon pump (IABP)
A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heart
39
ROOT varic/o
ROOT FOR varicose (varix) (pl varices)
40
Doppler echocardiography
An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow
41
ROOT thym/o
ROOT FOR thymus
42
heart scan
Imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope. The PYP (pyrophosphate) scan using technetium-99m (99mTc) is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue. The MUGA (multigated acquisition) scan gives information on heart function
43
left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure
44
Ventricles
Lower pumping chambers of heart
45
tachycardia
An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm
46
lipoprotein
A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system
47
polyarteritis nodosa
Potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected
48
electrocardiography (ECG)
Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body.
49
defibrillation
Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
50
phlebotomist
Technician who specializes in drawing blood
51
another name for stroke
another name for cerebrovascular accident
52
bundle branches
Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum
53
repolarization
A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles
54
digitalis
A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions
55
loop diuretic
Drug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops)
56
superior vena cava
The large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium from the upper body
57
cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute
58
angioplasty
A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open
59
stress test
Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise
60
palpitation
A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat
61
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot
62
epicardium
The thin outermost layer of the heart wall
63
ROOT phleb/o
ROOT FOR vein
64
Peyer patches
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine
65
hypotension
A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure
66
capillary
A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues
67
atrioventricular (AV) node
A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles
68
left AV valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve
69
dyslipidemia
Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)
70
fibrillation
Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles
71
ROOT sphygm/o
ROOT FOR pulse
72
ROOT vas/o, vascul/o
ROOT FOR vessel, duct
73
myocardial infarction (MI)
Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.
74
ROOT splen/o
ROOT FOR spleen
75
angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonist
76
lidocaine
A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias
77
antiarrhythmic agent
A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat
78
ROOT valv/o, valvul/o
ROOT FOR valve
79
commissurotomy
Surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve opening
80
ventriculography
X-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
81
Pericardium
fibrous sac surrounding the heart
82
hypolipidemic agent
Drug that lowers serum cholesterol
83
Myocardium
thick muscular layer that makes up heart wall
84
venule
A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins
85
perfusion
The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue
86
thromboangiitis obliterans
Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease
87
ROOT hem/o
ROOT FOR blood
88
artificial pacemaker
A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia
89
flutter
Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricles
90
lymph
The thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels
91
cardioversion
Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current
92
vegetation
Irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever
93
mitral valve prolapse
Movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contract
94
Endocardium
inside lining of heart
95
diuretic
Drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidneys’ output of urine. Lowered blood volume decreases the heart’s workload
96
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
97
diastole
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle
98
septal defect
An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-Ā-men ō-VAL-ē), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation
99
Epicardium
outside thin lining of heart
100
sinus rhythm
Normal heart rhythm
101
subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE
Growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever
102
cardiovascular system
The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels
103
depolarization
A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles
104
mitral valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve
105
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW)
A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway
106
thoracic duct
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body/ left lymphatic duct
107
calcium-channel blocker
Drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells
108
ectopic beat
A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node
109
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke
110
regurgitation
A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve
111
apex
The point of a cone-shaped structure. In the heart, this is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left
112
atherectomy
Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel
113
C-reactive protein
Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis
114
embolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation
115
varicose vein
A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel
116
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
Method for imaging the interior of arteries using computed tomography; uses less dye and is less invasive than standard angiography
117
arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue
118
pulmonary artery
The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
119
plethysmography
Measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis
120
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
121
vein
A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen
122
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins
123
tonsils
Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat (pharynx)
124
ROOT angi/o
ROOT FOR vessel
125
triglycerides
Simple fats that circulate in the bloodstream
126
inferior vena cava
The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body
127
edema
Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid
128
septum
A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart
129
pitting edema
Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin
130
ventricle
A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart
131
right lymphatic duct
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body
132
thrombosis
Development of a blood clot within a vessel
133
shock
Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues.
134
lymph node
A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph
135
diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
136
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart
137
heart rate
The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (BPM)
138
ROOT lymphaden/o
ROOT FOR lymph node
139
clubbing
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.
140
spleen
A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells
141
valve
A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction
142
angina pectoris
A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart
143
Diastole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
This term means blood pressure measured during heart relaxation
144
endocardium
The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves
145
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage
146
coronary angiography
Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
147
pulmonary valve
The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
148
Raynaud disease
A disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold
149
systemic circuit
The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart
150
ROOT cardi/o
ROOT FOR heart
151
sinus rhythm
A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node
152
ROOT aort/o
ROOT FOR aorta
153
aortic valve
The valve at the entrance to the aorta
154
what is the singular of Atria
What is the plural of Atrium
155
stent
A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty
156
syncope
A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
157
patent ductus arteriosus
Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs
158
streptokinase (SK)
An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots
159
systole
The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle
160
pericardium
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
161
extrasystole
Premature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node
162
ROOT lymph/o
ROOT FOR lymph
163
vasodilator
A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow
164
Korotkoff sounds
Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuff
165
coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow
166
homocysteine
An amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
167
aneurysm
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst
168
arrhythmia
Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat
169
Holter monitor
A portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an individual's ECG readings during normal activity
170
pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
171
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots
172
cardiac tamponade
Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels.
173
ROOT arteriol/o
ROOT FOR arteriole
174
heart failure
A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood
175
hypertension
A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.
176
ischemia
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation
177
aorta
The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body
178
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium
179
infarct
An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area
180
Contractions are stimulated by electrical impulse Sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
electrical path of heart
181
heart sounds
Sounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2
182
thymus gland
A gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity
183
stasis
Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine.
184
right AV valve
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve
185
central venous pressure (CVP
Pressure in the superior vena cava
186
pulse
The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract
187
bradycardia
A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm
188
sphygmomanometer
An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure; blood pressure apparatus or cuff
189
Describe the path of blood through the heart
Right atrium receives blood from body Enters right ventricle and is pumped to lungs Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium Enters left ventricle and is pumped to rest of body
190
occlusive vascular disease
Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels
191
beta-adrenergic blocking agent
Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker
192
echocardiography (ECG)
A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
193
Purkinje fibers
The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.
194
stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
195
artery
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood
196
heart block
An interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia
197
embolectomy
Surgical removal of an embolus
198
Valsalva maneuver
Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed. This action has an effect on the cardiovascular system
199
statins
Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin.
200
sinoatrial (SA) node
A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker
201
atherosclerosis
The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
202
cineangiocardiography
The photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques
203
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall
204
pulmonary veins
The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart
205
ROOT ven/o, ven/i
ROOT FOR vein
206
appendix
A small, fingerlike mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine
207
Swan–Ganz catheter
A cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure. It is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery
208
occlusion
A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel
209
vessel
A tube or duct to transport fluid
210
Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valve
rheumatic heart disease
211
An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta
dissecting aneurysm
212
A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries
arteriole
213
What are the various waves of the sinus rhythm
Sinus rhythm = one complete cycle P wave QRS T wave U wave
214
ECG
ABBREV for Electrocardiography
215
A varicose vein in the rectum
hemorrhoid
216
The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax
precordium
217
Constriction or narrowing of an opening
stenosis
218
An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart
atrium
219
Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg's saphenous vein
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
220
A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels
nitroglycerin
221
A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body
embolus
222
Difficult or labored breathing
dyspnea
223
An abnormal sound heard in auscultation
bruit
224
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure
cardiac catheterization
225
An abnormal heart sound
murmur
226
Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage
creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
227
Any sound produced as the heart functions normally
functional murmur
228
With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel.
plaque
229
A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)
troponin (Tn)
230
ROOT FOR atrium
ROOT atri/o
231
Pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midline
apical pulse
232
The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o)
heart
233
Arteries --\> arterioles --\> Capillaries --\> venules --\> veins
List the vessels from leaving the heart to returning to the heart
234
upper receiving chambers of heart
Atria
235
The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart
pulmonary circuit
236
The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract
lymphatic system
237
Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with rest
intermittent claudication
238
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel
thrombus
239
ROOT FOR artery
ROOT arter/o, arteri/o
240
This term means blood pressure measured during heart contraction
Systole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
241
ROOT FOR cavity, ventricle
ROOT ventricul/o
242
A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His
AV bundle
243
The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel
blood pressure
244
A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy
tetralogy of Fallot
245
A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
246
Electronic recording of heart sounds
phonocardiography
247
A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heart
intraaortic balloon pump (IABP)
248
ROOT FOR varicose (varix) (pl varices)
ROOT varic/o
249
An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow
Doppler echocardiography
250
ROOT FOR thymus
ROOT thym/o
251
Imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope. The PYP (pyrophosphate) scan using technetium-99m (99mTc) is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue. The MUGA (multigated acquisition) scan gives information on heart function
heart scan
252
A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure
left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
253
Lower pumping chambers of heart
Ventricles
254
An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm
tachycardia
255
A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system
lipoprotein
256
Potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected
polyarteritis nodosa
257
Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body.
electrocardiography (ECG)
258
Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
defibrillation
259
Technician who specializes in drawing blood
phlebotomist
260
another name for cerebrovascular accident
another name for stroke
261
Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum
bundle branches
262
A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles
repolarization
263
A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions
digitalis
264
Drug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops)
loop diuretic
265
The large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium from the upper body
superior vena cava
266
The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute
cardiac output
267
A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open
angioplasty
268
Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise
stress test
269
A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat
palpitation
270
Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot
thrombophlebitis
271
The thin outermost layer of the heart wall
epicardium
272
ROOT FOR vein
ROOT phleb/o
273
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine
Peyer patches
274
A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure
hypotension
275
A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues
capillary
276
A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles
atrioventricular (AV) node
277
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve
left AV valve
278
Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)
dyslipidemia
279
Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles
fibrillation
280
ROOT FOR pulse
ROOT sphygm/o
281
ROOT FOR vessel, duct
ROOT vas/o, vascul/o
282
Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.
myocardial infarction (MI)
283
ROOT FOR spleen
ROOT splen/o
284
A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonist
angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
285
A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias
lidocaine
286
A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat
antiarrhythmic agent
287
ROOT FOR valve
ROOT valv/o, valvul/o
288
Surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve opening
commissurotomy
289
X-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
ventriculography
290
fibrous sac surrounding the heart
Pericardium
291
Drug that lowers serum cholesterol
hypolipidemic agent
292
thick muscular layer that makes up heart wall
Myocardium
293
A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins
venule
294
The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue
perfusion
295
Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease
thromboangiitis obliterans
296
ROOT FOR blood
ROOT hem/o
297
A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia
artificial pacemaker
298
Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricles
flutter
299
The thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels
lymph
300
Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current
cardioversion
301
Irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever
vegetation
302
Movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contract
mitral valve prolapse
303
inside lining of heart
Endocardium
304
Drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidneys’ output of urine. Lowered blood volume decreases the heart’s workload
diuretic
305
Inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
306
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle
diastole
307
An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-Ā-men ō-VAL-ē), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation
septal defect
308
outside thin lining of heart
Epicardium
309
Normal heart rhythm
sinus rhythm
310
Growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever
subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE
311
The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels
cardiovascular system
312
A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles
depolarization
313
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve
mitral valve
314
A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW)
315
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body/ left lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
316
Drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells
calcium-channel blocker
317
A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node
ectopic beat
318
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
319
A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve
regurgitation
320
The point of a cone-shaped structure. In the heart, this is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left
apex
321
Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel
atherectomy
322
Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis
C-reactive protein
323
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation
embolism
324
A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel
varicose vein
325
Method for imaging the interior of arteries using computed tomography; uses less dye and is less invasive than standard angiography
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
326
Hardening of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue
arteriosclerosis
327
The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
pulmonary artery
328
Measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis
plethysmography
329
Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
cyanosis
330
A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen
vein
331
Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
332
Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat (pharynx)
tonsils
333
ROOT FOR vessel
ROOT angi/o
334
Simple fats that circulate in the bloodstream
triglycerides
335
The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body
inferior vena cava
336
Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid
edema
337
A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart
septum
338
Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin
pitting edema
339
A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart
ventricle
340
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body
right lymphatic duct
341
Development of a blood clot within a vessel
thrombosis
342
Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues.
shock
343
A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph
lymph node
344
Profuse sweating
diaphoresis
345
Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
346
The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (BPM)
heart rate
347
ROOT FOR lymph node
ROOT lymphaden/o
348
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.
clubbing
349
A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells
spleen
350
A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction
valve
351
A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart
angina pectoris
352
This term means blood pressure measured during heart relaxation
Diastole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
353
The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves
endocardium
354
Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
355
Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
coronary angiography
356
The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
pulmonary valve
357
A disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold
Raynaud disease
358
The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart
systemic circuit
359
ROOT FOR heart
ROOT cardi/o
360
A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node
sinus rhythm
361
ROOT FOR aorta
ROOT aort/o
362
The valve at the entrance to the aorta
aortic valve
363
What is the plural of Atrium
what is the singular of Atria
364
A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty
stent
365
A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
syncope
366
Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs
patent ductus arteriosus
367
An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots
streptokinase (SK)
368
The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle
systole
369
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
pericardium
370
Premature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node
extrasystole
371
ROOT FOR lymph
ROOT lymph/o
372
A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow
vasodilator
373
Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuff
Korotkoff sounds
374
Localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow
coarctation of the aorta
375
An amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
homocysteine
376
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst
aneurysm
377
Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat
arrhythmia
378
A portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an individual's ECG readings during normal activity
Holter monitor
379
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
380
A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
381
Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels.
cardiac tamponade
382
ROOT FOR arteriole
ROOT arteriol/o
383
A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood
heart failure
384
A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.
hypertension
385
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation
ischemia
386
The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body
aorta
387
Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
388
An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area
infarct
389
electrical path of heart
Contractions are stimulated by electrical impulse Sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
390
Sounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2
heart sounds
391
A gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity
thymus gland
392
Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine.
stasis
393
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve
right AV valve
394
Pressure in the superior vena cava
central venous pressure (CVP
395
The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract
pulse
396
A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm
bradycardia
397
An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure; blood pressure apparatus or cuff
sphygmomanometer
398
Right atrium receives blood from body Enters right ventricle and is pumped to lungs Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium Enters left ventricle and is pumped to rest of body
Describe the path of blood through the heart
399
Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels
occlusive vascular disease
400
Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker
beta-adrenergic blocking agent
401
A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
echocardiography (ECG)
402
The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
403
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
stroke volume
404
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood
artery
405
An interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia
heart block
406
Surgical removal of an embolus
embolectomy
407
Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed. This action has an effect on the cardiovascular system
Valsalva maneuver
408
Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin.
statins
409
A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker
sinoatrial (SA) node
410
The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
atherosclerosis
411
The photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques
cineangiocardiography
412
Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
413
The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart
pulmonary veins
414
ROOT FOR vein
ROOT ven/o, ven/i
415
A small, fingerlike mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine
appendix
416
A cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure. It is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery
Swan–Ganz catheter
417
A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel
occlusion
418
A tube or duct to transport fluid
vessel
