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Cohen Medical Terminology > Chap 9 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic > Flashcards

Chap 9 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valve

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2
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta

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3
Q

arteriole

A

A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries

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4
Q

Sinus rhythm = one complete cycle P wave QRS T wave U wave

A

What are the various waves of the sinus rhythm

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5
Q

ABBREV for Electrocardiography

A

ECG

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6
Q

hemorrhoid

A

A varicose vein in the rectum

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7
Q

precordium

A

The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax

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8
Q

stenosis

A

Constriction or narrowing of an opening

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9
Q

atrium

A

An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart

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10
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg’s saphenous vein

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11
Q

nitroglycerin

A

A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels

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12
Q

embolus

A

A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body

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13
Q

dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

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14
Q

bruit

A

An abnormal sound heard in auscultation

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15
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure

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16
Q

murmur

A

An abnormal heart sound

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17
Q

creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)

A

Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage

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18
Q

functional murmur

A

Any sound produced as the heart functions normally

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19
Q

plaque

A

With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel.

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20
Q

troponin (Tn)

A

A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)

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21
Q

ROOT atri/o

A

ROOT FOR atrium

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22
Q

apical pulse

A

Pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midline

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23
Q

heart

A

The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o)

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24
Q

List the vessels from leaving the heart to returning to the heart

A

Arteries –> arterioles –> Capillaries –> venules –> veins

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25
Q

Atria

A

upper receiving chambers of heart

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26
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart

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27
Q

lymphatic system

A

The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract

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28
Q

intermittent claudication

A

Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with rest

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29
Q

thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel

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30
Q

ROOT arter/o, arteri/o

A

ROOT FOR artery

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31
Q

Systole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat

A

This term means blood pressure measured during heart contraction

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32
Q

ROOT ventricul/o

A

ROOT FOR cavity, ventricle

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33
Q

AV bundle

A

A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His

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34
Q

blood pressure

A

The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel

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35
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy

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36
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A

A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure

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37
Q

phonocardiography

A

Electronic recording of heart sounds

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38
Q

intraaortic balloon pump (IABP)

A

A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heart

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39
Q

ROOT varic/o

A

ROOT FOR varicose (varix) (pl varices)

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40
Q

Doppler echocardiography

A

An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow

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41
Q

ROOT thym/o

A

ROOT FOR thymus

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42
Q

heart scan

A

Imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope. The PYP (pyrophosphate) scan using technetium-99m (99mTc) is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue. The MUGA (multigated acquisition) scan gives information on heart function

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43
Q

left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

A

A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure

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44
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower pumping chambers of heart

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45
Q

tachycardia

A

An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm

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46
Q

lipoprotein

A

A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system

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47
Q

polyarteritis nodosa

A

Potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected

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48
Q

electrocardiography (ECG)

A

Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body.

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49
Q

defibrillation

A

Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

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50
Q

phlebotomist

A

Technician who specializes in drawing blood

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51
Q

another name for stroke

A

another name for cerebrovascular accident

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52
Q

bundle branches

A

Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum

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53
Q

repolarization

A

A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles

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54
Q

digitalis

A

A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions

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55
Q

loop diuretic

A

Drug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops)

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56
Q

superior vena cava

A

The large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium from the upper body

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57
Q

cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute

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58
Q

angioplasty

A

A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open

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59
Q

stress test

A

Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise

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60
Q

palpitation

A

A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat

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61
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot

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62
Q

epicardium

A

The thin outermost layer of the heart wall

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63
Q

ROOT phleb/o

A

ROOT FOR vein

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64
Q

Peyer patches

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine

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65
Q

hypotension

A

A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure

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66
Q

capillary

A

A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues

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67
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles

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68
Q

left AV valve

A

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve

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69
Q

dyslipidemia

A

Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)

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70
Q

fibrillation

A

Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles

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71
Q

ROOT sphygm/o

A

ROOT FOR pulse

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72
Q

ROOT vas/o, vascul/o

A

ROOT FOR vessel, duct

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73
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.

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74
Q

ROOT splen/o

A

ROOT FOR spleen

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75
Q

angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)

A

A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonist

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76
Q

lidocaine

A

A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias

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77
Q

antiarrhythmic agent

A

A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat

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78
Q

ROOT valv/o, valvul/o

A

ROOT FOR valve

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79
Q

commissurotomy

A

Surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve opening

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80
Q

ventriculography

A

X-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter

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81
Q

Pericardium

A

fibrous sac surrounding the heart

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82
Q

hypolipidemic agent

A

Drug that lowers serum cholesterol

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83
Q

Myocardium

A

thick muscular layer that makes up heart wall

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84
Q

venule

A

A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins

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85
Q

perfusion

A

The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue

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86
Q

thromboangiitis obliterans

A

Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease

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87
Q

ROOT hem/o

A

ROOT FOR blood

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88
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia

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89
Q

flutter

A

Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricles

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90
Q

lymph

A

The thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels

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91
Q

cardioversion

A

Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current

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92
Q

vegetation

A

Irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever

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93
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

Movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contract

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94
Q

Endocardium

A

inside lining of heart

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95
Q

diuretic

A

Drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidneys’ output of urine. Lowered blood volume decreases the heart’s workload

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96
Q

phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

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97
Q

diastole

A

The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle

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98
Q

septal defect

A

An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-Ā-men ō-VAL-ē), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation

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99
Q

Epicardium

A

outside thin lining of heart

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100
Q

sinus rhythm

A

Normal heart rhythm

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101
Q

subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE

A

Growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever

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102
Q

cardiovascular system

A

The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels

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103
Q

depolarization

A

A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles

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104
Q

mitral valve

A

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve

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105
Q

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW)

A

A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway

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106
Q

thoracic duct

A

The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body/ left lymphatic duct

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107
Q

calcium-channel blocker

A

Drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells

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108
Q

ectopic beat

A

A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node

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109
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke

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110
Q

regurgitation

A

A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve

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111
Q

apex

A

The point of a cone-shaped structure. In the heart, this is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left

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112
Q

atherectomy

A

Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel

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113
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis

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114
Q

embolism

A

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation

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115
Q

varicose vein

A

A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel

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116
Q

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

A

Method for imaging the interior of arteries using computed tomography; uses less dye and is less invasive than standard angiography

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117
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue

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118
Q

pulmonary artery

A

The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

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119
Q

plethysmography

A

Measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis

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120
Q

cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen

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121
Q

vein

A

A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen

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122
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins

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123
Q

tonsils

A

Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat (pharynx)

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124
Q

ROOT angi/o

A

ROOT FOR vessel

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125
Q

triglycerides

A

Simple fats that circulate in the bloodstream

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126
Q

inferior vena cava

A

The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body

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127
Q

edema

A

Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid

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128
Q

septum

A

A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart

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129
Q

pitting edema

A

Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin

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130
Q

ventricle

A

A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart

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131
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body

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132
Q

thrombosis

A

Development of a blood clot within a vessel

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133
Q

shock

A

Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues.

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134
Q

lymph node

A

A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph

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135
Q

diaphoresis

A

Profuse sweating

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136
Q

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

A

Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart

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137
Q

heart rate

A

The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (BPM)

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138
Q

ROOT lymphaden/o

A

ROOT FOR lymph node

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139
Q

clubbing

A

Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.

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140
Q

spleen

A

A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells

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141
Q

valve

A

A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction

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142
Q

angina pectoris

A

A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart

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143
Q

Diastole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat

A

This term means blood pressure measured during heart relaxation

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144
Q

endocardium

A

The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves

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145
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage

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146
Q

coronary angiography

A

Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter

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147
Q

pulmonary valve

A

The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

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148
Q

Raynaud disease

A

A disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold

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149
Q

systemic circuit

A

The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart

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150
Q

ROOT cardi/o

A

ROOT FOR heart

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151
Q

sinus rhythm

A

A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node

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152
Q

ROOT aort/o

A

ROOT FOR aorta

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153
Q

aortic valve

A

The valve at the entrance to the aorta

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154
Q

what is the singular of Atria

A

What is the plural of Atrium

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155
Q

stent

A

A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty

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156
Q

syncope

A

A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting

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157
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs

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158
Q

streptokinase (SK)

A

An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots

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159
Q

systole

A

The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle

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160
Q

pericardium

A

The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart

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161
Q

extrasystole

A

Premature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node

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162
Q

ROOT lymph/o

A

ROOT FOR lymph

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163
Q

vasodilator

A

A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow

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164
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuff

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165
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

Localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow

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166
Q

homocysteine

A

An amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease

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167
Q

aneurysm

A

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst

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168
Q

arrhythmia

A

Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat

169
Q

Holter monitor

A

A portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an individual’s ECG readings during normal activity

170
Q

pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

171
Q

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots

172
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels.

173
Q

ROOT arteriol/o

A

ROOT FOR arteriole

174
Q

heart failure

A

A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood

175
Q

hypertension

A

A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.

176
Q

ischemia

A

Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation

177
Q

aorta

A

The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body

178
Q

pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)

A

Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium

179
Q

infarct

A

An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area

180
Q

Contractions are stimulated by electrical impulse Sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

A

electrical path of heart

181
Q

heart sounds

A

Sounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2

182
Q

thymus gland

A

A gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity

183
Q

stasis

A

Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine.

184
Q

right AV valve

A

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve

185
Q

central venous pressure (CVP

A

Pressure in the superior vena cava

186
Q

pulse

A

The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract

187
Q

bradycardia

A

A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm

188
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure; blood pressure apparatus or cuff

189
Q

Describe the path of blood through the heart

A

Right atrium receives blood from body Enters right ventricle and is pumped to lungs Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium Enters left ventricle and is pumped to rest of body

190
Q

occlusive vascular disease

A

Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels

191
Q

beta-adrenergic blocking agent

A

Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker

192
Q

echocardiography (ECG)

A

A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures

193
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.

194
Q

stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat

195
Q

artery

A

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood

196
Q

heart block

A

An interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia

197
Q

embolectomy

A

Surgical removal of an embolus

198
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed. This action has an effect on the cardiovascular system

199
Q

statins

A

Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin.

200
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker

201
Q

atherosclerosis

A

The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).

202
Q

cineangiocardiography

A

The photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques

203
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall

204
Q

pulmonary veins

A

The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart

205
Q

ROOT ven/o, ven/i

A

ROOT FOR vein

206
Q

appendix

A

A small, fingerlike mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine

207
Q

Swan–Ganz catheter

A

A cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure. It is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery

208
Q

occlusion

A

A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel

209
Q

vessel

A

A tube or duct to transport fluid

210
Q

Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valve

A

rheumatic heart disease

211
Q

An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta

A

dissecting aneurysm

212
Q

A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries

A

arteriole

213
Q

What are the various waves of the sinus rhythm

A

Sinus rhythm = one complete cycle P wave QRS T wave U wave

214
Q

ECG

A

ABBREV for Electrocardiography

215
Q

A varicose vein in the rectum

A

hemorrhoid

216
Q

The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax

A

precordium

217
Q

Constriction or narrowing of an opening

A

stenosis

218
Q

An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart

A

atrium

219
Q

Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg’s saphenous vein

A

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

220
Q

A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels

A

nitroglycerin

221
Q

A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body

A

embolus

222
Q

Difficult or labored breathing

A

dyspnea

223
Q

An abnormal sound heard in auscultation

A

bruit

224
Q

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure

A

cardiac catheterization

225
Q

An abnormal heart sound

A

murmur

226
Q

Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage

A

creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)

227
Q

Any sound produced as the heart functions normally

A

functional murmur

228
Q

With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel.

A

plaque

229
Q

A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)

A

troponin (Tn)

230
Q

ROOT FOR atrium

A

ROOT atri/o

231
Q

Pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midline

A

apical pulse

232
Q

The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o)

A

heart

233
Q

Arteries –> arterioles –> Capillaries –> venules –> veins

A

List the vessels from leaving the heart to returning to the heart

234
Q

upper receiving chambers of heart

A

Atria

235
Q

The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart

A

pulmonary circuit

236
Q

The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract

A

lymphatic system

237
Q

Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with rest

A

intermittent claudication

238
Q

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel

A

thrombus

239
Q

ROOT FOR artery

A

ROOT arter/o, arteri/o

240
Q

This term means blood pressure measured during heart contraction

A

Systole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat

241
Q

ROOT FOR cavity, ventricle

A

ROOT ventricul/o

242
Q

A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His

A

AV bundle

243
Q

The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel

A

blood pressure

244
Q

A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy

A

tetralogy of Fallot

245
Q

A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

246
Q

Electronic recording of heart sounds

A

phonocardiography

247
Q

A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heart

A

intraaortic balloon pump (IABP)

248
Q

ROOT FOR varicose (varix) (pl varices)

A

ROOT varic/o

249
Q

An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow

A

Doppler echocardiography

250
Q

ROOT FOR thymus

A

ROOT thym/o

251
Q

Imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope. The PYP (pyrophosphate) scan using technetium-99m (99mTc) is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue. The MUGA (multigated acquisition) scan gives information on heart function

A

heart scan

252
Q

A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure

A

left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

253
Q

Lower pumping chambers of heart

A

Ventricles

254
Q

An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

255
Q

A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system

A

lipoprotein

256
Q

Potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected

A

polyarteritis nodosa

257
Q

Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body.

A

electrocardiography (ECG)

258
Q

Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

A

defibrillation

259
Q

Technician who specializes in drawing blood

A

phlebotomist

260
Q

another name for cerebrovascular accident

A

another name for stroke

261
Q

Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum

A

bundle branches

262
Q

A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles

A

repolarization

263
Q

A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions

A

digitalis

264
Q

Drug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops)

A

loop diuretic

265
Q

The large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium from the upper body

A

superior vena cava

266
Q

The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute

A

cardiac output

267
Q

A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open

A

angioplasty

268
Q

Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise

A

stress test

269
Q

A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat

A

palpitation

270
Q

Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot

A

thrombophlebitis

271
Q

The thin outermost layer of the heart wall

A

epicardium

272
Q

ROOT FOR vein

A

ROOT phleb/o

273
Q

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine

A

Peyer patches

274
Q

A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure

A

hypotension

275
Q

A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues

A

capillary

276
Q

A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

277
Q

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve

A

left AV valve

278
Q

Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)

A

dyslipidemia

279
Q

Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles

A

fibrillation

280
Q

ROOT FOR pulse

A

ROOT sphygm/o

281
Q

ROOT FOR vessel, duct

A

ROOT vas/o, vascul/o

282
Q

Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

283
Q

ROOT FOR spleen

A

ROOT splen/o

284
Q

A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonist

A

angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)

285
Q

A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias

A

lidocaine

286
Q

A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat

A

antiarrhythmic agent

287
Q

ROOT FOR valve

A

ROOT valv/o, valvul/o

288
Q

Surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve opening

A

commissurotomy

289
Q

X-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter

A

ventriculography

290
Q

fibrous sac surrounding the heart

A

Pericardium

291
Q

Drug that lowers serum cholesterol

A

hypolipidemic agent

292
Q

thick muscular layer that makes up heart wall

A

Myocardium

293
Q

A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins

A

venule

294
Q

The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue

A

perfusion

295
Q

Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

296
Q

ROOT FOR blood

A

ROOT hem/o

297
Q

A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia

A

artificial pacemaker

298
Q

Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricles

A

flutter

299
Q

The thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

300
Q

Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current

A

cardioversion

301
Q

Irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever

A

vegetation

302
Q

Movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contract

A

mitral valve prolapse

303
Q

inside lining of heart

A

Endocardium

304
Q

Drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidneys’ output of urine. Lowered blood volume decreases the heart’s workload

A

diuretic

305
Q

Inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

306
Q

The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle

A

diastole

307
Q

An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-Ā-men ō-VAL-ē), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation

A

septal defect

308
Q

outside thin lining of heart

A

Epicardium

309
Q

Normal heart rhythm

A

sinus rhythm

310
Q

Growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever

A

subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE

311
Q

The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

312
Q

A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles

A

depolarization

313
Q

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve

A

mitral valve

314
Q

A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway

A

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW)

315
Q

The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body/ left lymphatic duct

A

thoracic duct

316
Q

Drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells

A

calcium-channel blocker

317
Q

A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node

A

ectopic beat

318
Q

Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

319
Q

A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve

A

regurgitation

320
Q

The point of a cone-shaped structure. In the heart, this is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left

A

apex

321
Q

Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel

A

atherectomy

322
Q

Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis

A

C-reactive protein

323
Q

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation

A

embolism

324
Q

A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel

A

varicose vein

325
Q

Method for imaging the interior of arteries using computed tomography; uses less dye and is less invasive than standard angiography

A

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

326
Q

Hardening of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue

A

arteriosclerosis

327
Q

The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

328
Q

Measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis

A

plethysmography

329
Q

Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen

A

cyanosis

330
Q

A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen

A

vein

331
Q

Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

332
Q

Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat (pharynx)

A

tonsils

333
Q

ROOT FOR vessel

A

ROOT angi/o

334
Q

Simple fats that circulate in the bloodstream

A

triglycerides

335
Q

The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body

A

inferior vena cava

336
Q

Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid

A

edema

337
Q

A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart

A

septum

338
Q

Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin

A

pitting edema

339
Q

A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart

A

ventricle

340
Q

The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body

A

right lymphatic duct

341
Q

Development of a blood clot within a vessel

A

thrombosis

342
Q

Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues.

A

shock

343
Q

A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph

A

lymph node

344
Q

Profuse sweating

A

diaphoresis

345
Q

Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart

A

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

346
Q

The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (BPM)

A

heart rate

347
Q

ROOT FOR lymph node

A

ROOT lymphaden/o

348
Q

Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.

A

clubbing

349
Q

A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells

A

spleen

350
Q

A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction

A

valve

351
Q

A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart

A

angina pectoris

352
Q

This term means blood pressure measured during heart relaxation

A

Diastole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat

353
Q

The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves

A

endocardium

354
Q

Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

355
Q

Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter

A

coronary angiography

356
Q

The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary valve

357
Q

A disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold

A

Raynaud disease

358
Q

The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart

A

systemic circuit

359
Q

ROOT FOR heart

A

ROOT cardi/o

360
Q

A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node

A

sinus rhythm

361
Q

ROOT FOR aorta

A

ROOT aort/o

362
Q

The valve at the entrance to the aorta

A

aortic valve

363
Q

What is the plural of Atrium

A

what is the singular of Atria

364
Q

A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty

A

stent

365
Q

A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting

A

syncope

366
Q

Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs

A

patent ductus arteriosus

367
Q

An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots

A

streptokinase (SK)

368
Q

The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle

A

systole

369
Q

The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart

A

pericardium

370
Q

Premature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node

A

extrasystole

371
Q

ROOT FOR lymph

A

ROOT lymph/o

372
Q

A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow

A

vasodilator

373
Q

Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuff

A

Korotkoff sounds

374
Q

Localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow

A

coarctation of the aorta

375
Q

An amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

homocysteine

376
Q

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst

A

aneurysm

377
Q

Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat

A

arrhythmia

378
Q

A portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an individual’s ECG readings during normal activity

A

Holter monitor

379
Q

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

380
Q

A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots

A

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

381
Q

Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels.

A

cardiac tamponade

382
Q

ROOT FOR arteriole

A

ROOT arteriol/o

383
Q

A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood

A

heart failure

384
Q

A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.

A

hypertension

385
Q

Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation

A

ischemia

386
Q

The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body

A

aorta

387
Q

Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium

A

pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)

388
Q

An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area

A

infarct

389
Q

electrical path of heart

A

Contractions are stimulated by electrical impulse Sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

390
Q

Sounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2

A

heart sounds

391
Q

A gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity

A

thymus gland

392
Q

Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine.

A

stasis

393
Q

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve

A

right AV valve

394
Q

Pressure in the superior vena cava

A

central venous pressure (CVP

395
Q

The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract

A

pulse

396
Q

A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm

A

bradycardia

397
Q

An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure; blood pressure apparatus or cuff

A

sphygmomanometer

398
Q

Right atrium receives blood from body Enters right ventricle and is pumped to lungs Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium Enters left ventricle and is pumped to rest of body

A

Describe the path of blood through the heart

399
Q

Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels

A

occlusive vascular disease

400
Q

Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker

A

beta-adrenergic blocking agent

401
Q

A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures

A

echocardiography (ECG)

402
Q

The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.

A

Purkinje fibers

403
Q

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat

A

stroke volume

404
Q

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood

A

artery

405
Q

An interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia

A

heart block

406
Q

Surgical removal of an embolus

A

embolectomy

407
Q

Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed. This action has an effect on the cardiovascular system

A

Valsalva maneuver

408
Q

Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin.

A

statins

409
Q

A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

410
Q

The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).

A

atherosclerosis

411
Q

The photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques

A

cineangiocardiography

412
Q

Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

413
Q

The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

414
Q

ROOT FOR vein

A

ROOT ven/o, ven/i

415
Q

A small, fingerlike mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine

A

appendix

416
Q

A cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure. It is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery

A

Swan–Ganz catheter

417
Q

A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel

A

occlusion

418
Q

A tube or duct to transport fluid

A

vessel

Cohen Medical Terminology (23 decks)

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