Chap 9 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Flashcards
rheumatic heart disease
Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valve
dissecting aneurysm
An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta
arteriole
A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries
Sinus rhythm = one complete cycle P wave QRS T wave U wave
What are the various waves of the sinus rhythm
ABBREV for Electrocardiography
ECG
hemorrhoid
A varicose vein in the rectum
precordium
The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax
stenosis
Constriction or narrowing of an opening
atrium
An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg’s saphenous vein
nitroglycerin
A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels
embolus
A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body
dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
bruit
An abnormal sound heard in auscultation
cardiac catheterization
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure
murmur
An abnormal heart sound
creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage
functional murmur
Any sound produced as the heart functions normally
plaque
With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel.
troponin (Tn)
A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)
ROOT atri/o
ROOT FOR atrium
apical pulse
Pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midline
heart
The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o)
List the vessels from leaving the heart to returning to the heart
Arteries –> arterioles –> Capillaries –> venules –> veins
Atria
upper receiving chambers of heart
pulmonary circuit
The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart
lymphatic system
The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract
intermittent claudication
Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with rest
thrombus
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel
ROOT arter/o, arteri/o
ROOT FOR artery
Systole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
This term means blood pressure measured during heart contraction
ROOT ventricul/o
ROOT FOR cavity, ventricle
AV bundle
A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His
blood pressure
The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel
tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure
phonocardiography
Electronic recording of heart sounds
intraaortic balloon pump (IABP)
A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heart
ROOT varic/o
ROOT FOR varicose (varix) (pl varices)
Doppler echocardiography
An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow
ROOT thym/o
ROOT FOR thymus
heart scan
Imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope. The PYP (pyrophosphate) scan using technetium-99m (99mTc) is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue. The MUGA (multigated acquisition) scan gives information on heart function
left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure
Ventricles
Lower pumping chambers of heart
tachycardia
An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm
lipoprotein
A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system
polyarteritis nodosa
Potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected
electrocardiography (ECG)
Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body.
defibrillation
Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
phlebotomist
Technician who specializes in drawing blood
another name for stroke
another name for cerebrovascular accident
bundle branches
Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum
repolarization
A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles
digitalis
A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions
loop diuretic
Drug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops)
superior vena cava
The large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium from the upper body
cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute
angioplasty
A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open
stress test
Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise
palpitation
A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot
epicardium
The thin outermost layer of the heart wall
ROOT phleb/o
ROOT FOR vein
Peyer patches
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine
hypotension
A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure
capillary
A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues
atrioventricular (AV) node
A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles
left AV valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve
dyslipidemia
Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)
fibrillation
Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles
ROOT sphygm/o
ROOT FOR pulse
ROOT vas/o, vascul/o
ROOT FOR vessel, duct
myocardial infarction (MI)
Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.
ROOT splen/o
ROOT FOR spleen
angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonist
lidocaine
A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias
antiarrhythmic agent
A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat
ROOT valv/o, valvul/o
ROOT FOR valve
commissurotomy
Surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve opening
ventriculography
X-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
Pericardium
fibrous sac surrounding the heart
hypolipidemic agent
Drug that lowers serum cholesterol
Myocardium
thick muscular layer that makes up heart wall
venule
A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins
perfusion
The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue
thromboangiitis obliterans
Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease
ROOT hem/o
ROOT FOR blood
artificial pacemaker
A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia
flutter
Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricles
lymph
The thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels
cardioversion
Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current
vegetation
Irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever
mitral valve prolapse
Movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contract
Endocardium
inside lining of heart
diuretic
Drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidneys’ output of urine. Lowered blood volume decreases the heart’s workload
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
diastole
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle
septal defect
An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-Ā-men ō-VAL-ē), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation
Epicardium
outside thin lining of heart
sinus rhythm
Normal heart rhythm
subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE
Growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever
cardiovascular system
The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels
depolarization
A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles
mitral valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW)
A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway
thoracic duct
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body/ left lymphatic duct
calcium-channel blocker
Drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells
ectopic beat
A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke
regurgitation
A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve
apex
The point of a cone-shaped structure. In the heart, this is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left
atherectomy
Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel
C-reactive protein
Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis
embolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation
varicose vein
A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
Method for imaging the interior of arteries using computed tomography; uses less dye and is less invasive than standard angiography
arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue
pulmonary artery
The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
plethysmography
Measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
vein
A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins
tonsils
Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat (pharynx)
ROOT angi/o
ROOT FOR vessel
triglycerides
Simple fats that circulate in the bloodstream
inferior vena cava
The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body
edema
Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid
septum
A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart
pitting edema
Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin
ventricle
A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart
right lymphatic duct
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body
thrombosis
Development of a blood clot within a vessel
shock
Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues.
lymph node
A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph
diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart
heart rate
The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (BPM)
ROOT lymphaden/o
ROOT FOR lymph node
clubbing
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.
spleen
A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells
valve
A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction
angina pectoris
A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart
Diastole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
This term means blood pressure measured during heart relaxation
endocardium
The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage
coronary angiography
Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
pulmonary valve
The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Raynaud disease
A disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold
systemic circuit
The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart
ROOT cardi/o
ROOT FOR heart
sinus rhythm
A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node
ROOT aort/o
ROOT FOR aorta
aortic valve
The valve at the entrance to the aorta
what is the singular of Atria
What is the plural of Atrium
stent
A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty
syncope
A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
patent ductus arteriosus
Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs
streptokinase (SK)
An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots
systole
The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle
pericardium
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
extrasystole
Premature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node
ROOT lymph/o
ROOT FOR lymph
vasodilator
A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow
Korotkoff sounds
Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuff
coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow
homocysteine
An amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
aneurysm
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst
arrhythmia
Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat
Holter monitor
A portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an individual’s ECG readings during normal activity
pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots
cardiac tamponade
Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels.
ROOT arteriol/o
ROOT FOR arteriole
heart failure
A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood
hypertension
A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.
ischemia
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation
aorta
The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium
infarct
An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area
Contractions are stimulated by electrical impulse Sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
electrical path of heart
heart sounds
Sounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2
thymus gland
A gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity
stasis
Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine.
right AV valve
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve
central venous pressure (CVP
Pressure in the superior vena cava
pulse
The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract
bradycardia
A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm
sphygmomanometer
An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure; blood pressure apparatus or cuff
Describe the path of blood through the heart
Right atrium receives blood from body Enters right ventricle and is pumped to lungs Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium Enters left ventricle and is pumped to rest of body
occlusive vascular disease
Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels
beta-adrenergic blocking agent
Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker
echocardiography (ECG)
A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
Purkinje fibers
The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.
stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
artery
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood
heart block
An interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia
embolectomy
Surgical removal of an embolus
Valsalva maneuver
Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed. This action has an effect on the cardiovascular system
statins
Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin.
sinoatrial (SA) node
A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker
atherosclerosis
The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
cineangiocardiography
The photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall
pulmonary veins
The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart
ROOT ven/o, ven/i
ROOT FOR vein
appendix
A small, fingerlike mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine
Swan–Ganz catheter
A cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure. It is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery
occlusion
A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel
vessel
A tube or duct to transport fluid
Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring, usually involving the mitral valve
rheumatic heart disease
An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta
dissecting aneurysm
A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the capillaries
arteriole
What are the various waves of the sinus rhythm
Sinus rhythm = one complete cycle P wave QRS T wave U wave
ECG
ABBREV for Electrocardiography
A varicose vein in the rectum
hemorrhoid
The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax
precordium
Constriction or narrowing of an opening
stenosis
An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving chambers of the heart
atrium
Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the left internal mammary artery or part of the leg’s saphenous vein
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels
nitroglycerin
A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from within or from outside the body
embolus
Difficult or labored breathing
dyspnea
An abnormal sound heard in auscultation
bruit
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure
cardiac catheterization
An abnormal heart sound
murmur
Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI). Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the extent of muscle damage
creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
Any sound produced as the heart functions normally
functional murmur
With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel.
plaque
A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction. Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)
troponin (Tn)
ROOT FOR atrium
ROOT atri/o
Pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from the midline
apical pulse
The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of the body (root: cardi/o)
heart
Arteries –> arterioles –> Capillaries –> venules –> veins
List the vessels from leaving the heart to returning to the heart
upper receiving chambers of heart
Atria
The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the left side of the heart
pulmonary circuit
The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from the digestive tract
lymphatic system
Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate blood supply. The pain disappears with rest
intermittent claudication
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel
thrombus
ROOT FOR artery
ROOT arter/o, arteri/o
This term means blood pressure measured during heart contraction
Systole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
ROOT FOR cavity, ventricle
ROOT ventricul/o
A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches, which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle of His
AV bundle
The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel
blood pressure
A combination of four congenital heart abnormalities: pulmonary artery stenosis, interventricular septal defect, displacement of the aorta to the right, and right ventricular hypertrophy
tetralogy of Fallot
A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
Electronic recording of heart sounds
phonocardiography
A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow blood ejection from the heart
intraaortic balloon pump (IABP)
ROOT FOR varicose (varix) (pl varices)
ROOT varic/o
An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern of blood flow
Doppler echocardiography
ROOT FOR thymus
ROOT thym/o
Imaging of the heart after injection of a radioactive isotope. The PYP (pyrophosphate) scan using technetium-99m (99mTc) is used to test for myocardial infarction because the isotope is taken up by damaged tissue. The MUGA (multigated acquisition) scan gives information on heart function
heart scan
A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or those who are recovering from heart failure
left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
Lower pumping chambers of heart
Ventricles
An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm
tachycardia
A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system
lipoprotein
Potentially fatal collagen disease causing inflammation of small visceral arteries. Symptoms depend on the organ affected
polyarteritis nodosa
Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body.
electrocardiography (ECG)
Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads, using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
defibrillation
Technician who specializes in drawing blood
phlebotomist
another name for cerebrovascular accident
another name for stroke
Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left sides of the interventricular septum
bundle branches
A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves or muscles
repolarization
A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions
digitalis
Drug that increases urine output by inhibiting electrolyte reabsorption in the kidney nephrons (loops)
loop diuretic
The large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium from the upper body
superior vena cava
The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute
cardiac output
A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open
angioplasty
Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace blood flow through the heart during exercise
stress test
A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat
palpitation
Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot
thrombophlebitis
The thin outermost layer of the heart wall
epicardium
ROOT FOR vein
ROOT phleb/o
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine
Peyer patches
A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure
hypotension
A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are exchanged between the blood and the tissues
capillary
A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the ventricles
atrioventricular (AV) node
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the mitral valve or bicuspid valve
left AV valve
Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides)
dyslipidemia
Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles
fibrillation
ROOT FOR pulse
ROOT sphygm/o
ROOT FOR vessel, duct
ROOT vas/o, vascul/o
Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.
myocardial infarction (MI)
ROOT FOR spleen
ROOT splen/o
A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II; angiotensin II receptor antagonist
angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
A local anesthetic that is used intravenously to treat cardiac arrhythmias
lidocaine
A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat
antiarrhythmic agent
ROOT FOR valve
ROOT valv/o, valvul/o
Surgical incision of a scarred mitral valve to increase the size of the valve opening
commissurotomy
X-ray study of the ventricles of the heart after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
ventriculography
fibrous sac surrounding the heart
Pericardium
Drug that lowers serum cholesterol
hypolipidemic agent
thick muscular layer that makes up heart wall
Myocardium
A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins
venule
The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or tissue
perfusion
Inflammation and thrombus formation resulting in occlusion of small vessels, especially in the legs. Most common in young men and correlated with heavy smoking. Thrombotic occlusion of leg vessels may lead to gangrene of the feet. Patients show a hypersensitivity to tobacco. Also called Buerger disease
thromboangiitis obliterans
ROOT FOR blood
ROOT hem/o
A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia
artificial pacemaker
Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions, as in the atria or the ventricles
flutter
The thin plasmalike fluid that drains from the tissues and is transported in lymphatic vessels
lymph
Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current
cardioversion
Irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves; associated with rheumatic fever
vegetation
Movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left atrium when the ventricles contract
mitral valve prolapse
inside lining of heart
Endocardium
Drug that eliminates fluid by increasing the kidneys’ output of urine. Lowered blood volume decreases the heart’s workload
diuretic
Inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle
diastole
An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale (for-Ā-men ō-VAL-ē), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation
septal defect
outside thin lining of heart
Epicardium
Normal heart rhythm
sinus rhythm
Growth of bacteria in a heart or valves previously damaged by rheumatic fever
subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE
The part of the circulatory system that consists of the heart and the blood vessels
cardiovascular system
A change in electrical charge from the resting state in nerves or muscles
depolarization
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the left AV valve or bicuspid valve
mitral valve
A cardiac arrhythmia consisting of tachycardia and a premature ventricular beat caused by an alternative conduction pathway
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW)
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left side of the body and all of the lower body/ left lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
Drug that controls the rate and force of heart contraction by regulating calcium entrance into the cells
calcium-channel blocker
A heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node
ectopic beat
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
A backward flow, such as the backflow of blood through a defective valve
regurgitation
The point of a cone-shaped structure. In the heart, this is formed by the left ventricle and is pointed toward the inferior and left
apex
Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel
atherectomy
Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which may contribute to atherosclerosis
C-reactive protein
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation
embolism
A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel
varicose vein
Method for imaging the interior of arteries using computed tomography; uses less dye and is less invasive than standard angiography
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
Hardening of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or formation of scar tissue
arteriosclerosis
The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
pulmonary artery
Measurement of changes in the size of a part based on the amount of blood contained in or passing through it. Impedance plethysmography measures changes in electrical resistance and is used in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis
plethysmography
Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen
cyanosis
A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen
vein
Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the throat (pharynx)
tonsils
ROOT FOR vessel
ROOT angi/o
Simple fats that circulate in the bloodstream
triglycerides
The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower body
inferior vena cava
Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid
edema
A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the heart
septum
Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed firmly into the skin
pitting edema
A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart
ventricle
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right side of the body
right lymphatic duct
Development of a blood clot within a vessel
thrombosis
Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood to the tissues.
shock
A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a lymphatic vessel that filters lymph
lymph node
Profuse sweating
diaphoresis
Use of an ultrasound transducer placed endoscopically into the esophagus to obtain images of the heart
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (BPM)
heart rate
ROOT FOR lymph node
ROOT lymphaden/o
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.
clubbing
A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood cells
spleen
A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction
valve
A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart
angina pectoris
This term means blood pressure measured during heart relaxation
Diastole measures blood pressure at this phase of heart beat
The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves
endocardium
Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or cardiac massage
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
coronary angiography
The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
pulmonary valve
A disorder characterized by abnormal constriction of peripheral vessels in the arms and legs on exposure to cold
Raynaud disease
The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart
systemic circuit
ROOT FOR heart
ROOT cardi/o
A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node
sinus rhythm
ROOT FOR aorta
ROOT aort/o
The valve at the entrance to the aorta
aortic valve
What is the plural of Atrium
what is the singular of Atria
A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty
stent
A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
syncope
Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs
patent ductus arteriosus
An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots
streptokinase (SK)
The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle
systole
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
pericardium
Premature contraction of the heart that occurs separately from the normal beat and originates from a part of the heart other than the SA node
extrasystole
ROOT FOR lymph
ROOT lymph/o
A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow
vasodilator
Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of blood pressure with a cuff
Korotkoff sounds
Localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow
coarctation of the aorta
An amino acid in the blood that at higher-than-normal levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
homocysteine
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst
aneurysm
Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat
arrhythmia
A portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an individual’s ECG readings during normal activity
Holter monitor
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. May result from pericarditis or injury to the heart or great vessels.
cardiac tamponade
ROOT FOR arteriole
ROOT arteriol/o
A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood
heart failure
A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.
hypertension
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation
ischemia
The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body
aorta
Pressure measured by a catheter in a branch of the pulmonary artery. It is an indirect measure of pressure in the left atrium
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area
infarct
electrical path of heart
Contractions are stimulated by electrical impulse Sinoatrial node (SA node) Atrioventricular node (AV node) AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Sounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and are designated S1 and S2
heart sounds
A gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the sternum. It functions in immunity
thymus gland
Stoppage of normal flow, as of blood or urine.
stasis
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle; the tricuspid valve
right AV valve
Pressure in the superior vena cava
central venous pressure (CVP
The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract
pulse
A slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm
bradycardia
An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure; blood pressure apparatus or cuff
sphygmomanometer
Right atrium receives blood from body Enters right ventricle and is pumped to lungs Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium Enters left ventricle and is pumped to rest of body
Describe the path of blood through the heart
Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral vessels
occlusive vascular disease
Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions; beta-blocker
beta-adrenergic blocking agent
A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
echocardiography (ECG)
The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
stroke volume
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood
artery
An interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia
heart block
Surgical removal of an embolus
embolectomy
Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting to exhale forcefully with the nose and throat closed. This action has an effect on the cardiovascular system
Valsalva maneuver
Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin.
statins
A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker
sinoatrial (SA) node
The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
atherosclerosis
The photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the heart and large vessels using motion picture techniques
cineangiocardiography
Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart
pulmonary veins
ROOT FOR vein
ROOT ven/o, ven/i
A small, fingerlike mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine
appendix
A cardiac catheter with a balloon at the tip that is used to measure pulmonary arterial pressure. It is flow-guided through a vein into the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery
Swan–Ganz catheter
A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel
occlusion
A tube or duct to transport fluid
vessel