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Cohen Medical Terminology > Chap 10 Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Chap 10 Blood and Immunity Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cross-matching

A

Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum, and red cells of the recipient are mixed with donor serum to look for an immunologic reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation

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2
Q

A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies

A

B cell

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3
Q

autoimmune disease

A

A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual’s own tissues

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4
Q

A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin

A

systemic sclerosis

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5
Q

hematoma

A

A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel

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6
Q

A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen

A

antibody

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7
Q

An immunologic reaction of transplanted lymphocytes against tissues of the host; a common complication of bone marrow transplantation.

A

graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR)

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8
Q

An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell.

A

band cell

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9
Q

pernicious anemia

A

Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.

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10
Q

erythrocytosis

A

Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be normal, such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or abnormal, such as in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease

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11
Q

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A highly sensitive immunologic test used to diagnose HIV infection, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others

A

ELISA

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12
Q

ROOT ferr/o, ferr/i

A

ROOT FOR iron (symbol Fe)

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13
Q

monocyte

A

An agranular phagocytic leukocyte

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14
Q

ROOT thrombocyt/o

A

ROOT FOR platelet, thrombocyte

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15
Q

Any condition in which there is a relative increase in the percent of red blood cells in whole blood. May result from excessive production of red cells because of lack of oxygen, as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart failure, or certain forms of poisoning. Apparent polycythemia results from concentration of the blood, as by dehydration

A

polycythemia

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16
Q

macrophage

A

A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within the tissues. Process antigens for T cells

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17
Q

ROOT lymph/o, lymphocyt/o

A

ROOT FOR lymphocyte

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18
Q

The inactive precursor of fibrin

A

fibrinogen

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19
Q

The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation

A

fibrin

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20
Q

A small mass or body.

A

corpuscle

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21
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

allergy

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22
Q

Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity

A

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

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23
Q

The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors

A

serum

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24
Q

leukocyte

A

A white blood cell

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25
Q

polycythemia vera

A

A condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. These interfere with circulation and promote thrombosis and hemorrhage. Treated by blood removal. Also called erythremia, Vasquez–Osler disease

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26
Q

Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo

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27
Q

A sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing blood plasma contains clotting factors

A

cryoprecipitate

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28
Q

A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant

A

heparin

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29
Q

SUFFIX -poiesis

A

SUFFIX FOR formation, production

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30
Q

An antibody. Fall into five classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

A

immunoglobulin (Ig)

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31
Q

The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity

A

gamma globulin

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32
Q

A decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia

A

pancytopenia

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33
Q

hemophilia

A

A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding

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34
Q

ROOT FOR bone marrow

A

ROOT myel/o

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35
Q

An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin

A

plasmin

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36
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

The virus that causes AIDS

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37
Q

Condition in which bone marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue

A

myelofibrosis

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38
Q

An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation

A

anticoagulant

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39
Q

A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease

A

immunodeficiency

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40
Q

A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding

A

hemophilia

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41
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling monocytes)

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42
Q

An agranular phagocytic leukocyte

A

monocyte

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43
Q

megakaryocyte

A

A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets

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44
Q

urticaria

A

A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives

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45
Q

blood

A

The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system

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46
Q

immunodeficiency

A

A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease

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47
Q

A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly

A

T cell

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48
Q

A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm.

A

agranulocytes

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49
Q

antibody

A

A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen

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50
Q

A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells

A

hemopoietic stem cell

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51
Q

A hereditary bleeding disease caused by lack of von Willebrand factor, a substance necessary for blood clotting

A

von Willebrand disease

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52
Q

A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets

A

megakaryocyte

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53
Q

Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum, and red cells of the recipient are mixed with donor serum to look for an immunologic reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation

A

cross-matching

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54
Q

Hairy cell leukemia

A

A form of leukemia in which cells have filaments, making them look “hairy”

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55
Q

ROOT FOR platelet, thrombocyte

A

ROOT thrombocyt/o

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56
Q

A form of leukemia in which cells have filaments, making them look “hairy”

A

Hairy cell leukemia

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57
Q

ROOT calc/i

A

ROOT FOR calcium (symbol Ca)

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58
Q

A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called adrenaline

A

epinephrine

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59
Q

An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue

A

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

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60
Q

An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy

A

hypersensitivity

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61
Q

A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes

A

anemia

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62
Q

SUFFIX FOR decrease in, deficiency of

A

SUFFIX -penia

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63
Q

Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells)

A

sideroblastic anemia

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64
Q

neutrophil

A

A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte

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65
Q

Depression of the immune response. May be correlated with disease but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue transplantation

A

immunosuppression

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66
Q

A simple protein found in blood plasma

A

albumin

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67
Q

A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.

A

granulocytes

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68
Q

ROOT azot/o

A

ROOT FOR nitrogenous compounds

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69
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells

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70
Q

agranulocytosis

A

A condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia

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71
Q

CD4+ T lymphocyte count

A

A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV). A count of less than 200/µL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency.

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72
Q

leukemia

A

Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic)

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73
Q

A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Hodgkin disease

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74
Q

apheresis

A

A procedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor.

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75
Q

A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of causes pernicious anemia

A

intrinsic factor

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76
Q

The cellular components of blood

A

formed elements

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77
Q

ROOT erythr/o, erythrocyt/o

A

ROOT FOR red blood cell

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78
Q

ROOT natri

A

ROOT FOR sodium (symbol Na)

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79
Q

band cell

A

An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell.

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80
Q

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

A

The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen

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81
Q

ROOT FOR lymphocyte

A

ROOT lymph/o, lymphocyt/o

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82
Q

A pure antibody produced in the laboratory; used for diagnosis and treatment

A

monoclonal antibody

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83
Q

ROOT thromb/o

A

ROOT FOR blood clot

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84
Q

autologous blood

A

A person’s own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and transfused if needed

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85
Q

albumin

A

A simple protein found in blood plasma

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86
Q

Bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. May develop in time into leukemia; preleukemia

A

myelodysplastic syndrome

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87
Q

Treatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen. This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen rapidly on contact

A

desensitization

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88
Q

ecchymosis

A

A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels

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89
Q

Congenital aplastic anemia that appears between birth and 10 years of age; may be hereditary or caused by damage before birth, as by a virus

A

Fanconi syndrome

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90
Q

antihistamine

A

A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to treat allergic reactions

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91
Q

A very sensitive test used to detect small amounts of antibodies in the blood

A

Western blot assay

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92
Q

A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

A

angioedema

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93
Q

thrombin

A

The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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94
Q

Wright stain

A

A commonly used blood stain

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95
Q

ROOT kali

A

ROOT FOR potassium (symbol K)

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96
Q

aplastic anemia

A

Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia

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97
Q

A person’s own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and transfused if needed

A

autologous blood

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98
Q

thalassemia

A

A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”)

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99
Q

Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

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100
Q

ROOT FOR red blood cell

A

ROOT erythr/o, erythrocyt/o

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101
Q

The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a disease or an immunization

A

seroconversion

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102
Q

hemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding

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103
Q

anemia

A

A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes

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104
Q

formed elements

A

The cellular components of blood

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105
Q

A red blood cell

A

erythrocyte

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106
Q

plasmin

A

An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin

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107
Q

allergy

A

Hypersensitivity

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108
Q

Enlargement of the spleen

A

splenomegaly

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109
Q

electrolyte

A

A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids

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110
Q

Hereditary anemia in which red blood cells are round instead of disk-shaped and rupture (hemolyze) excessively

A

spherocytic anemia

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111
Q

pancytopenia

A

A decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia

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112
Q

SUFFIX -penia

A

SUFFIX FOR decrease in, deficiency of

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113
Q

fibrin

A

The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation

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114
Q

A white blood cell

A

leukocyte

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115
Q

granulocytes

A

A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.

116
Q

antigen

A

A substance that induces the formation of an antibody

117
Q

The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin

A

hemolysis

118
Q

Sjögren syndrome

A

An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing

119
Q

ROOT FOR iron

A

ROOT sider/o

120
Q

An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue

A

lymphocyte

121
Q

A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies

A

plasma cell

122
Q

ROOT FOR calcium (symbol Ca)

A

ROOT calc/i

123
Q

A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions

A

basophil

124
Q

A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets

A

purpura

125
Q

SUFFIX -emia, -hemia

A

SUFFIX FOR condition of blood

126
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A

Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells)

127
Q

A test for detection of antibodies to red blood cells such as appear in cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemias

A

Coombs test

128
Q

ROOT immun/o

A

ROOT FOR immunity, immune system

129
Q

A substance that induces the formation of an antibody

A

antigen

130
Q

lymphocytosis

A

An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes

131
Q

ROOT FOR nitrogenous compounds

A

ROOT azot/o

132
Q

A clotting disorder caused by destruction of platelets that usually follows a viral illness. Causes petechiae and hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes

A

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

133
Q

Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS

A

Kaposi sarcoma

134
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

135
Q

A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution

A

pH

136
Q

An often fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood vessels

A

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

137
Q

A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel

A

hematoma

138
Q

Presence of microorganisms in the blood

A

septicemia

139
Q

heparin

A

A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant

140
Q

ROOT FOR sodium (symbol Na)

A

ROOT natri

141
Q

plasma

A

The liquid portion of the blood

142
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that, in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen; erythroblastosis fetalis

143
Q

anticoagulant

A

An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation

144
Q

A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

145
Q

Separation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field; used to separate components of blood.

A

electrophoresis

146
Q

ROOT FOR immunity, immune system

A

ROOT immun/o

147
Q

Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be normal, such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or abnormal, such as in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease

A

erythrocytosis

148
Q

A procedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor.

A

apheresis

149
Q

ROOT sider/o

A

ROOT FOR iron

150
Q

ROOT FOR blood clot

A

ROOT thromb/o

151
Q

Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

152
Q

coagulation

A

Blood clotting

153
Q

A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives

A

urticaria

154
Q

Blood clotting

A

coagulation

155
Q

A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production of the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major

A

Cooley anemia

156
Q

protease inhibitor

A

An anti-HIV drug that acts by inhibiting an enzyme the virus needs to multiply

157
Q

purpura

A

A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets

158
Q

Schilling test

A

Test used to determine absorption of vitamin B12 by measuring excretion of radioactive B12 in the urine. Used to distinguish pernicious from nutritional anemia

159
Q

corpuscle

A

A small mass or body.

160
Q

pH

A

A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution

161
Q

systemic sclerosis

A

A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin

162
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A highly sensitive immunologic test used to diagnose HIV infection, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others

163
Q

An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance. It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated.

A

anaphylactic reaction

164
Q

A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to treat allergic reactions

A

antihistamine

165
Q

ROOT FOR oxygen (symbol O)

A

ROOT ox/y

166
Q

platelet

A

A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte

167
Q

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)

A

An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia

168
Q

Coombs test

A

A test for detection of antibodies to red blood cells such as appear in cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemias

169
Q

SUFFIX FOR formation, production

A

SUFFIX -poiesis

170
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors

171
Q

An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes

A

lymphocytosis

172
Q

Western blot assay

A

A very sensitive test used to detect small amounts of antibodies in the blood

173
Q

The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

174
Q

thrombocyte

A

A blood platelet

175
Q

The liquid portion of the blood

A

plasma

176
Q

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

A

Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity

177
Q

A condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment (hemosiderin) mainly in the liver and the spleen. The pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells

A

hemosiderosis

178
Q

ROOT FOR iron (symbol Fe)

A

ROOT ferr/o, ferr/i

179
Q

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

A

An often fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood vessels

180
Q

serum

A

The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors

181
Q

polycythemia

A

Any condition in which there is a relative increase in the percent of red blood cells in whole blood. May result from excessive production of red cells because of lack of oxygen, as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart failure, or certain forms of poisoning. Apparent polycythemia results from concentration of the blood, as by dehydration

182
Q

A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent.

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

183
Q

angioedema

A

A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

184
Q

hemopoietic stem cell

A

A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells

185
Q

A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation, and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy

A

neutropenia

186
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

An antibody. Fall into five classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

187
Q

agglutination

A

The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific antibodies

188
Q

eosinophil

A

A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites

189
Q

A blood platelet

A

thrombocyte

190
Q

A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites

A

eosinophil

191
Q

basophil

A

A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions

192
Q

erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell

193
Q

ROOT leuk/o, leukocyt/o

A

ROOT FOR white blood cell

194
Q

A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels

A

ecchymosis

195
Q

A substance that causes an allergic response

A

allergen

196
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood

197
Q

myelofibrosis

A

Condition in which bone marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue

198
Q

An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling monocytes)

A

infectious mononucleosis

199
Q

A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV). A count of less than 200/µL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency.

A

CD4+ T lymphocyte count

200
Q

A commonly used blood stain

A

Wright stain

201
Q

Test used to determine absorption of vitamin B12 by measuring excretion of radioactive B12 in the urine. Used to distinguish pernicious from nutritional anemia

A

Schilling test

202
Q

electrophoresis

A

Separation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field; used to separate components of blood.

203
Q

A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte

A

platelet

204
Q

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue

205
Q

hemolysis

A

The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin

206
Q

Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.

A

pernicious anemia

207
Q

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

A

A clotting disorder caused by destruction of platelets that usually follows a viral illness. Causes petechiae and hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes

208
Q

A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte

A

neutrophil

209
Q

Any disease of the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

210
Q

ROOT FOR white blood cell

A

ROOT leuk/o, leukocyt/o

211
Q

A condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. These interfere with circulation and promote thrombosis and hemorrhage. Treated by blood removal. Also called erythremia, Vasquez–Osler disease

A

polycythemia vera

212
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks

213
Q

homologous blood

A

Blood from animals of the same species, such as human blood used for transfusion from one person to another. Blood used for transfusions must be compatible with the blood of the recipient

214
Q

ROOT myel/o

A

ROOT FOR bone marrow

215
Q

A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated by the liver in bile

A

bilirubin

216
Q

graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR)

A

An immunologic reaction of transplanted lymphocytes against tissues of the host; a common complication of bone marrow transplantation.

217
Q

ROOT FOR blood

A

ROOT hem/o, hemat/o

218
Q

hypersensitivity

A

An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy

219
Q

A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations of West African descent

A

sickle cell anemia

220
Q

gamma globulin

A

The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity

221
Q

multiple myeloma

A

A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow

222
Q

An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing

A

Sjögren syndrome

223
Q

The state of being protected against a specific disease

A

immunity

224
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS

225
Q

splenomegaly

A

Enlargement of the spleen

226
Q

septicemia

A

Presence of microorganisms in the blood

227
Q

anaphylactic reaction

A

An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance. It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated.

228
Q

SUFFIX FOR condition of blood

A

SUFFIX -emia, -hemia

229
Q

immunity

A

The state of being protected against a specific disease

230
Q

A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”)

A

thalassemia

231
Q

bilirubin

A

A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated by the liver in bile

232
Q

The virus that causes AIDS

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

233
Q

Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that, in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen; erythroblastosis fetalis

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

234
Q

spherocytic anemia

A

Hereditary anemia in which red blood cells are round instead of disk-shaped and rupture (hemolyze) excessively

235
Q

A protein that appears in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma

A

Bence Jones protein

236
Q

The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific antibodies

A

agglutination

237
Q

immunosuppression

A

Depression of the immune response. May be correlated with disease but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue transplantation

238
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations of West African descent

239
Q

T cell

A

A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly

240
Q

Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia)

A

petechiae

241
Q

ROOT hem/o, hemat/o

A

ROOT FOR blood

242
Q

agranulocytes

A

A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm.

243
Q

A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow

A

multiple myeloma

244
Q

The stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

245
Q

A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual’s own tissues

A

autoimmune disease

246
Q

ROOT ox/y

A

ROOT FOR oxygen (symbol O)

247
Q

An anti-HIV drug that acts by inhibiting an enzyme the virus needs to multiply

A

protease inhibitor

248
Q

epinephrine

A

A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called adrenaline

249
Q

A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within the tissues. Process antigens for T cells

A

macrophage

250
Q

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

A

A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent.

251
Q

reticulocyte counts

A

Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation

252
Q

Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation

A

reticulocyte counts

253
Q

lymphocyte

A

An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue

254
Q

neutropenia

A

A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation, and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy

255
Q

A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies

A

complement

256
Q

Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic)

A

leukemia

257
Q

A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids

A

electrolyte

258
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

A pure antibody produced in the laboratory; used for diagnosis and treatment

259
Q

Bence Jones protein

A

A protein that appears in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma

260
Q

cryoprecipitate

A

A sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing blood plasma contains clotting factors

261
Q

complement

A

A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies

262
Q

fibrinogen

A

The inactive precursor of fibrin

263
Q

hemosiderosis

A

A condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment (hemosiderin) mainly in the liver and the spleen. The pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells

264
Q

phagocytosis

A

The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells

265
Q

seroconversion

A

The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a disease or an immunization

266
Q

plasma cell

A

A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies

267
Q

Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

268
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

Bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. May develop in time into leukemia; preleukemia

269
Q

An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia

A

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)

270
Q

desensitization

A

Treatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen. This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen rapidly on contact

271
Q

The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system

A

blood

272
Q

A condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia

A

agranulocytosis

273
Q

Fanconi syndrome

A

Congenital aplastic anemia that appears between birth and 10 years of age; may be hereditary or caused by damage before birth, as by a virus

274
Q

von Willebrand disease

A

A hereditary bleeding disease caused by lack of von Willebrand factor, a substance necessary for blood clotting

275
Q

The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen

A

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

276
Q

A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood

A

thrombocytopenia

277
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

Any disease of the lymph nodes

278
Q

petechiae

A

Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia)

279
Q

Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia

A

aplastic anemia

280
Q

ROOT FOR potassium (symbol K)

A

ROOT kali

281
Q

Cooley anemia

A

A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production of the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major

282
Q

The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells

A

phagocytosis

283
Q

B cell

A

A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies

284
Q

Blood from animals of the same species, such as human blood used for transfusion from one person to another. Blood used for transfusions must be compatible with the blood of the recipient

A

homologous blood

285
Q

allergen

A

A substance that causes an allergic response

286
Q

intrinsic factor

A

A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of causes pernicious anemia

Cohen Medical Terminology (23 decks)

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