Chap 10 Blood and Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
cross-matching
A
Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum, and red cells of the recipient are mixed with donor serum to look for an immunologic reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation
2
Q
A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies
A
B cell
3
Q
autoimmune disease
A
A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual’s own tissues
4
Q
A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin
A
systemic sclerosis
5
Q
hematoma
A
A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel
6
Q
A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen
A
antibody
7
Q
An immunologic reaction of transplanted lymphocytes against tissues of the host; a common complication of bone marrow transplantation.
A
graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR)
8
Q
An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell.
A
band cell
9
Q
pernicious anemia
A
Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.
10
Q
erythrocytosis
A
Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be normal, such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or abnormal, such as in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease
11
Q
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A highly sensitive immunologic test used to diagnose HIV infection, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others
A
ELISA
12
Q
ROOT ferr/o, ferr/i
A
ROOT FOR iron (symbol Fe)
13
Q
monocyte
A
An agranular phagocytic leukocyte
14
Q
ROOT thrombocyt/o
A
ROOT FOR platelet, thrombocyte
15
Q
Any condition in which there is a relative increase in the percent of red blood cells in whole blood. May result from excessive production of red cells because of lack of oxygen, as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart failure, or certain forms of poisoning. Apparent polycythemia results from concentration of the blood, as by dehydration
A
polycythemia
16
Q
macrophage
A
A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within the tissues. Process antigens for T cells
17
Q
ROOT lymph/o, lymphocyt/o
A
ROOT FOR lymphocyte
18
Q
The inactive precursor of fibrin
A
fibrinogen
19
Q
The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
A
fibrin
20
Q
A small mass or body.
A
corpuscle
21
Q
Hypersensitivity
A
allergy
22
Q
Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity
A
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
23
Q
The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors
A
serum
24
Q
leukocyte
A
A white blood cell
25
polycythemia vera
A condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. These interfere with circulation and promote thrombosis and hemorrhage. Treated by blood removal. Also called erythremia, Vasquez–Osler disease
26
Reed-Sternberg cells
Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo
27
A sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing blood plasma contains clotting factors
cryoprecipitate
28
A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant
heparin
29
SUFFIX -poiesis
SUFFIX FOR formation, production
30
An antibody. Fall into five classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
immunoglobulin (Ig)
31
The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity
gamma globulin
32
A decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia
pancytopenia
33
hemophilia
A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding
34
ROOT FOR bone marrow
ROOT myel/o
35
An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin
plasmin
36
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
The virus that causes AIDS
37
Condition in which bone marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue
myelofibrosis
38
An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation
anticoagulant
39
A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease
immunodeficiency
40
A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding
hemophilia
41
infectious mononucleosis
An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling monocytes)
42
An agranular phagocytic leukocyte
monocyte
43
megakaryocyte
A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
44
urticaria
A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives
45
blood
The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system
46
immunodeficiency
A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease
47
A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly
T cell
48
A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm.
agranulocytes
49
antibody
A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen
50
A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells
hemopoietic stem cell
51
A hereditary bleeding disease caused by lack of von Willebrand factor, a substance necessary for blood clotting
von Willebrand disease
52
A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
megakaryocyte
53
Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum, and red cells of the recipient are mixed with donor serum to look for an immunologic reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation
cross-matching
54
Hairy cell leukemia
A form of leukemia in which cells have filaments, making them look “hairy”
55
ROOT FOR platelet, thrombocyte
ROOT thrombocyt/o
56
A form of leukemia in which cells have filaments, making them look “hairy”
Hairy cell leukemia
57
ROOT calc/i
ROOT FOR calcium (symbol Ca)
58
A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called adrenaline
epinephrine
59
An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
60
An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy
hypersensitivity
61
A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes
anemia
62
SUFFIX FOR decrease in, deficiency of
SUFFIX -penia
63
Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells)
sideroblastic anemia
64
neutrophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte
65
Depression of the immune response. May be correlated with disease but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue transplantation
immunosuppression
66
A simple protein found in blood plasma
albumin
67
A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.
granulocytes
68
ROOT azot/o
ROOT FOR nitrogenous compounds
69
Hodgkin disease
A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells
70
agranulocytosis
A condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia
71
CD4+ T lymphocyte count
A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV). A count of less than 200/µL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency.
72
leukemia
Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic)
73
A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin disease
74
apheresis
A procedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor.
75
A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of causes pernicious anemia
intrinsic factor
76
The cellular components of blood
formed elements
77
ROOT erythr/o, erythrocyt/o
ROOT FOR red blood cell
78
ROOT natri
ROOT FOR sodium (symbol Na)
79
band cell
An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell.
80
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
81
ROOT FOR lymphocyte
ROOT lymph/o, lymphocyt/o
82
A pure antibody produced in the laboratory; used for diagnosis and treatment
monoclonal antibody
83
ROOT thromb/o
ROOT FOR blood clot
84
autologous blood
A person's own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and transfused if needed
85
albumin
A simple protein found in blood plasma
86
Bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. May develop in time into leukemia; preleukemia
myelodysplastic syndrome
87
Treatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen. This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen rapidly on contact
desensitization
88
ecchymosis
A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels
89
Congenital aplastic anemia that appears between birth and 10 years of age; may be hereditary or caused by damage before birth, as by a virus
Fanconi syndrome
90
antihistamine
A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to treat allergic reactions
91
A very sensitive test used to detect small amounts of antibodies in the blood
Western blot assay
92
A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
angioedema
93
thrombin
The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
94
Wright stain
A commonly used blood stain
95
ROOT kali
ROOT FOR potassium (symbol K)
96
aplastic anemia
Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia
97
A person's own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and transfused if needed
autologous blood
98
thalassemia
A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”)
99
Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
systemic lupus erythematosus
100
ROOT FOR red blood cell
ROOT erythr/o, erythrocyt/o
101
The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a disease or an immunization
seroconversion
102
hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
103
anemia
A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes
104
formed elements
The cellular components of blood
105
A red blood cell
erythrocyte
106
plasmin
An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin
107
allergy
Hypersensitivity
108
Enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
109
electrolyte
A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids
110
Hereditary anemia in which red blood cells are round instead of disk-shaped and rupture (hemolyze) excessively
spherocytic anemia
111
pancytopenia
A decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia
112
SUFFIX -penia
SUFFIX FOR decrease in, deficiency of
113
fibrin
The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
114
A white blood cell
leukocyte
115
granulocytes
A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.
116
antigen
A substance that induces the formation of an antibody
117
The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
hemolysis
118
Sjögren syndrome
An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing
119
ROOT FOR iron
ROOT sider/o
120
An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue
lymphocyte
121
A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies
plasma cell
122
ROOT FOR calcium (symbol Ca)
ROOT calc/i
123
A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions
basophil
124
A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets
purpura
125
SUFFIX -emia, -hemia
SUFFIX FOR condition of blood
126
sideroblastic anemia
Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells)
127
A test for detection of antibodies to red blood cells such as appear in cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemias
Coombs test
128
ROOT immun/o
ROOT FOR immunity, immune system
129
A substance that induces the formation of an antibody
antigen
130
lymphocytosis
An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes
131
ROOT FOR nitrogenous compounds
ROOT azot/o
132
A clotting disorder caused by destruction of platelets that usually follows a viral illness. Causes petechiae and hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
133
Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma
134
erythropoietin (EPO)
A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
135
A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution
pH
136
An often fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood vessels
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
137
A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel
hematoma
138
Presence of microorganisms in the blood
septicemia
139
heparin
A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant
140
ROOT FOR sodium (symbol Na)
ROOT natri
141
plasma
The liquid portion of the blood
142
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that, in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen; erythroblastosis fetalis
143
anticoagulant
An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation
144
A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
erythropoietin (EPO)
145
Separation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field; used to separate components of blood.
electrophoresis
146
ROOT FOR immunity, immune system
ROOT immun/o
147
Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be normal, such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or abnormal, such as in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease
erythrocytosis
148
A procedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor.
apheresis
149
ROOT sider/o
ROOT FOR iron
150
ROOT FOR blood clot
ROOT thromb/o
151
Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
152
coagulation
Blood clotting
153
A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives
urticaria
154
Blood clotting
coagulation
155
A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production of the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major
Cooley anemia
156
protease inhibitor
An anti-HIV drug that acts by inhibiting an enzyme the virus needs to multiply
157
purpura
A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets
158
Schilling test
Test used to determine absorption of vitamin B12 by measuring excretion of radioactive B12 in the urine. Used to distinguish pernicious from nutritional anemia
159
corpuscle
A small mass or body.
160
pH
A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution
161
systemic sclerosis
A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin
162
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A highly sensitive immunologic test used to diagnose HIV infection, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others
163
An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance. It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated.
anaphylactic reaction
164
A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to treat allergic reactions
antihistamine
165
ROOT FOR oxygen (symbol O)
ROOT ox/y
166
platelet
A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte
167
Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)
An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia
168
Coombs test
A test for detection of antibodies to red blood cells such as appear in cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemias
169
SUFFIX FOR formation, production
SUFFIX -poiesis
170
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors
171
An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes
lymphocytosis
172
Western blot assay
A very sensitive test used to detect small amounts of antibodies in the blood
173
The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
174
thrombocyte
A blood platelet
175
The liquid portion of the blood
plasma
176
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity
177
A condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment (hemosiderin) mainly in the liver and the spleen. The pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells
hemosiderosis
178
ROOT FOR iron (symbol Fe)
ROOT ferr/o, ferr/i
179
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
An often fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood vessels
180
serum
The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors
181
polycythemia
Any condition in which there is a relative increase in the percent of red blood cells in whole blood. May result from excessive production of red cells because of lack of oxygen, as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart failure, or certain forms of poisoning. Apparent polycythemia results from concentration of the blood, as by dehydration
182
A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent.
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
183
angioedema
A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
184
hemopoietic stem cell
A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells
185
A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation, and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy
neutropenia
186
immunoglobulin (Ig)
An antibody. Fall into five classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
187
agglutination
The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific antibodies
188
eosinophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites
189
A blood platelet
thrombocyte
190
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites
eosinophil
191
basophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions
192
erythrocyte
A red blood cell
193
ROOT leuk/o, leukocyt/o
ROOT FOR white blood cell
194
A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels
ecchymosis
195
A substance that causes an allergic response
allergen
196
thrombocytopenia
A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood
197
myelofibrosis
Condition in which bone marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue
198
An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling monocytes)
infectious mononucleosis
199
A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV). A count of less than 200/µL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency.
CD4+ T lymphocyte count
200
A commonly used blood stain
Wright stain
201
Test used to determine absorption of vitamin B12 by measuring excretion of radioactive B12 in the urine. Used to distinguish pernicious from nutritional anemia
Schilling test
202
electrophoresis
Separation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field; used to separate components of blood.
203
A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte
platelet
204
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue
205
hemolysis
The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
206
Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.
pernicious anemia
207
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
A clotting disorder caused by destruction of platelets that usually follows a viral illness. Causes petechiae and hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes
208
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte
neutrophil
209
Any disease of the lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
210
ROOT FOR white blood cell
ROOT leuk/o, leukocyt/o
211
A condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. These interfere with circulation and promote thrombosis and hemorrhage. Treated by blood removal. Also called erythremia, Vasquez–Osler disease
polycythemia vera
212
systemic lupus erythematosus
Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
213
homologous blood
Blood from animals of the same species, such as human blood used for transfusion from one person to another. Blood used for transfusions must be compatible with the blood of the recipient
214
ROOT myel/o
ROOT FOR bone marrow
215
A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated by the liver in bile
bilirubin
216
graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR)
An immunologic reaction of transplanted lymphocytes against tissues of the host; a common complication of bone marrow transplantation.
217
ROOT FOR blood
ROOT hem/o, hemat/o
218
hypersensitivity
An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy
219
A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations of West African descent
sickle cell anemia
220
gamma globulin
The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity
221
multiple myeloma
A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow
222
An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing
Sjögren syndrome
223
The state of being protected against a specific disease
immunity
224
Kaposi sarcoma
Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS
225
splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
226
septicemia
Presence of microorganisms in the blood
227
anaphylactic reaction
An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance. It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated.
228
SUFFIX FOR condition of blood
SUFFIX -emia, -hemia
229
immunity
The state of being protected against a specific disease
230
A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”)
thalassemia
231
bilirubin
A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated by the liver in bile
232
The virus that causes AIDS
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
233
Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that, in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen; erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
234
spherocytic anemia
Hereditary anemia in which red blood cells are round instead of disk-shaped and rupture (hemolyze) excessively
235
A protein that appears in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones protein
236
The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific antibodies
agglutination
237
immunosuppression
Depression of the immune response. May be correlated with disease but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue transplantation
238
sickle cell anemia
A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations of West African descent
239
T cell
A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly
240
Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia)
petechiae
241
ROOT hem/o, hemat/o
ROOT FOR blood
242
agranulocytes
A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm.
243
A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow
multiple myeloma
244
The stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
245
A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual's own tissues
autoimmune disease
246
ROOT ox/y
ROOT FOR oxygen (symbol O)
247
An anti-HIV drug that acts by inhibiting an enzyme the virus needs to multiply
protease inhibitor
248
epinephrine
A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called adrenaline
249
A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within the tissues. Process antigens for T cells
macrophage
250
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent.
251
reticulocyte counts
Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation
252
Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation
reticulocyte counts
253
lymphocyte
An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue
254
neutropenia
A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation, and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy
255
A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies
complement
256
Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic)
leukemia
257
A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids
electrolyte
258
monoclonal antibody
A pure antibody produced in the laboratory; used for diagnosis and treatment
259
Bence Jones protein
A protein that appears in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
260
cryoprecipitate
A sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing blood plasma contains clotting factors
261
complement
A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies
262
fibrinogen
The inactive precursor of fibrin
263
hemosiderosis
A condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment (hemosiderin) mainly in the liver and the spleen. The pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells
264
phagocytosis
The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells
265
seroconversion
The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a disease or an immunization
266
plasma cell
A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies
267
Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo
Reed-Sternberg cells
268
myelodysplastic syndrome
Bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. May develop in time into leukemia; preleukemia
269
An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)
270
desensitization
Treatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen. This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen rapidly on contact
271
The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system
blood
272
A condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia
agranulocytosis
273
Fanconi syndrome
Congenital aplastic anemia that appears between birth and 10 years of age; may be hereditary or caused by damage before birth, as by a virus
274
von Willebrand disease
A hereditary bleeding disease caused by lack of von Willebrand factor, a substance necessary for blood clotting
275
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
276
A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood
thrombocytopenia
277
lymphadenopathy
Any disease of the lymph nodes
278
petechiae
Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia)
279
Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia
aplastic anemia
280
ROOT FOR potassium (symbol K)
ROOT kali
281
Cooley anemia
A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production of the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major
282
The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells
phagocytosis
283
B cell
A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies
284
Blood from animals of the same species, such as human blood used for transfusion from one person to another. Blood used for transfusions must be compatible with the blood of the recipient
homologous blood
285
allergen
A substance that causes an allergic response
286
intrinsic factor
A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of causes pernicious anemia
