Chap 10 Blood and Immunity Flashcards
cross-matching
Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum, and red cells of the recipient are mixed with donor serum to look for an immunologic reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation
A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies
B cell
autoimmune disease
A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual’s own tissues
A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin
systemic sclerosis
hematoma
A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel
A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen
antibody
An immunologic reaction of transplanted lymphocytes against tissues of the host; a common complication of bone marrow transplantation.
graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR)
An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell.
band cell
pernicious anemia
Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.
erythrocytosis
Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be normal, such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or abnormal, such as in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A highly sensitive immunologic test used to diagnose HIV infection, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others
ELISA
ROOT ferr/o, ferr/i
ROOT FOR iron (symbol Fe)
monocyte
An agranular phagocytic leukocyte
ROOT thrombocyt/o
ROOT FOR platelet, thrombocyte
Any condition in which there is a relative increase in the percent of red blood cells in whole blood. May result from excessive production of red cells because of lack of oxygen, as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart failure, or certain forms of poisoning. Apparent polycythemia results from concentration of the blood, as by dehydration
polycythemia
macrophage
A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within the tissues. Process antigens for T cells
ROOT lymph/o, lymphocyt/o
ROOT FOR lymphocyte
The inactive precursor of fibrin
fibrinogen
The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
fibrin
A small mass or body.
corpuscle
Hypersensitivity
allergy
Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors
serum
leukocyte
A white blood cell
polycythemia vera
A condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. These interfere with circulation and promote thrombosis and hemorrhage. Treated by blood removal. Also called erythremia, Vasquez–Osler disease
Reed-Sternberg cells
Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo
A sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing blood plasma contains clotting factors
cryoprecipitate
A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant
heparin
SUFFIX -poiesis
SUFFIX FOR formation, production
An antibody. Fall into five classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
immunoglobulin (Ig)
The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity
gamma globulin
A decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia
pancytopenia
hemophilia
A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding
ROOT FOR bone marrow
ROOT myel/o
An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin
plasmin
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
The virus that causes AIDS
Condition in which bone marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue
myelofibrosis
An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation
anticoagulant
A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease
immunodeficiency
A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding
hemophilia
infectious mononucleosis
An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling monocytes)
An agranular phagocytic leukocyte
monocyte
megakaryocyte
A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
urticaria
A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives
blood
The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system
immunodeficiency
A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease
A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly
T cell
A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm.
agranulocytes
antibody
A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen
A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells
hemopoietic stem cell
A hereditary bleeding disease caused by lack of von Willebrand factor, a substance necessary for blood clotting
von Willebrand disease
A large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
megakaryocyte
Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum, and red cells of the recipient are mixed with donor serum to look for an immunologic reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation
cross-matching
Hairy cell leukemia
A form of leukemia in which cells have filaments, making them look “hairy”
ROOT FOR platelet, thrombocyte
ROOT thrombocyt/o
A form of leukemia in which cells have filaments, making them look “hairy”
Hairy cell leukemia
ROOT calc/i
ROOT FOR calcium (symbol Ca)
A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called adrenaline
epinephrine
An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy
hypersensitivity
A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes
anemia
SUFFIX FOR decrease in, deficiency of
SUFFIX -penia
Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells)
sideroblastic anemia
neutrophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte
Depression of the immune response. May be correlated with disease but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue transplantation
immunosuppression
A simple protein found in blood plasma
albumin
A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.
granulocytes
ROOT azot/o
ROOT FOR nitrogenous compounds
Hodgkin disease
A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells
agranulocytosis
A condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia
CD4+ T lymphocyte count
A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV). A count of less than 200/µL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency.
leukemia
Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic)
A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin disease
apheresis
A procedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor.
A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of causes pernicious anemia
intrinsic factor
The cellular components of blood
formed elements
ROOT erythr/o, erythrocyt/o
ROOT FOR red blood cell
ROOT natri
ROOT FOR sodium (symbol Na)
band cell
An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also called a stab cell.
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
ROOT FOR lymphocyte
ROOT lymph/o, lymphocyt/o
A pure antibody produced in the laboratory; used for diagnosis and treatment
monoclonal antibody
ROOT thromb/o
ROOT FOR blood clot
autologous blood
A person’s own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and transfused if needed
albumin
A simple protein found in blood plasma
Bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. May develop in time into leukemia; preleukemia
myelodysplastic syndrome
Treatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen. This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen rapidly on contact
desensitization
ecchymosis
A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels
Congenital aplastic anemia that appears between birth and 10 years of age; may be hereditary or caused by damage before birth, as by a virus
Fanconi syndrome
antihistamine
A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to treat allergic reactions
A very sensitive test used to detect small amounts of antibodies in the blood
Western blot assay
A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
angioedema
thrombin
The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Wright stain
A commonly used blood stain
ROOT kali
ROOT FOR potassium (symbol K)
aplastic anemia
Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia
A person’s own blood. May be donated in advance of surgery and transfused if needed
autologous blood
thalassemia
A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”)
Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
systemic lupus erythematosus
ROOT FOR red blood cell
ROOT erythr/o, erythrocyt/o
The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a disease or an immunization
seroconversion
hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
anemia
A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors, and other causes
formed elements
The cellular components of blood
A red blood cell
erythrocyte
plasmin
An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin
allergy
Hypersensitivity
Enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
electrolyte
A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids
Hereditary anemia in which red blood cells are round instead of disk-shaped and rupture (hemolyze) excessively
spherocytic anemia
pancytopenia
A decrease in all cells of the blood, as in aplastic anemia
SUFFIX -penia
SUFFIX FOR decrease in, deficiency of
fibrin
The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
A white blood cell
leukocyte
granulocytes
A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.
antigen
A substance that induces the formation of an antibody
The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
hemolysis
Sjögren syndrome
An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing
ROOT FOR iron
ROOT sider/o
An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue
lymphocyte
A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies
plasma cell
ROOT FOR calcium (symbol Ca)
ROOT calc/i
A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions
basophil
A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets
purpura
SUFFIX -emia, -hemia
SUFFIX FOR condition of blood
sideroblastic anemia
Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing red blood cells)
A test for detection of antibodies to red blood cells such as appear in cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemias
Coombs test
ROOT immun/o
ROOT FOR immunity, immune system
A substance that induces the formation of an antibody
antigen
lymphocytosis
An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes
ROOT FOR nitrogenous compounds
ROOT azot/o
A clotting disorder caused by destruction of platelets that usually follows a viral illness. Causes petechiae and hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma
erythropoietin (EPO)
A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution
pH
An often fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood vessels
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel
hematoma
Presence of microorganisms in the blood
septicemia
heparin
A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood coagulation; an anticoagulant
ROOT FOR sodium (symbol Na)
ROOT natri
plasma
The liquid portion of the blood
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that, in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen; erythroblastosis fetalis
anticoagulant
An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation
A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
erythropoietin (EPO)
Separation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field; used to separate components of blood.
electrophoresis
ROOT FOR immunity, immune system
ROOT immun/o
Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be normal, such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or abnormal, such as in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease
erythrocytosis
A procedure in which blood is withdrawn, a portion is separated and retained, and the remainder is returned to the donor.
apheresis
ROOT sider/o
ROOT FOR iron
ROOT FOR blood clot
ROOT thromb/o
Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
coagulation
Blood clotting
A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching; hives
urticaria
Blood clotting
coagulation
A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production of the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major
Cooley anemia
protease inhibitor
An anti-HIV drug that acts by inhibiting an enzyme the virus needs to multiply
purpura
A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets
Schilling test
Test used to determine absorption of vitamin B12 by measuring excretion of radioactive B12 in the urine. Used to distinguish pernicious from nutritional anemia
corpuscle
A small mass or body.
pH
A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the solution
systemic sclerosis
A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A highly sensitive immunologic test used to diagnose HIV infection, hepatitis, and Lyme disease, among others
An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance. It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated.
anaphylactic reaction
A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is used to treat allergic reactions
antihistamine
ROOT FOR oxygen (symbol O)
ROOT ox/y
platelet
A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte
Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)
An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia
Coombs test
A test for detection of antibodies to red blood cells such as appear in cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemias
SUFFIX FOR formation, production
SUFFIX -poiesis
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors
An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes
lymphocytosis
Western blot assay
A very sensitive test used to detect small amounts of antibodies in the blood
The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
thrombocyte
A blood platelet
The liquid portion of the blood
plasma
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T cells and thus interferes with immunity
A condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment (hemosiderin) mainly in the liver and the spleen. The pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells
hemosiderosis
ROOT FOR iron (symbol Fe)
ROOT ferr/o, ferr/i
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
An often fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood vessels
serum
The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors
polycythemia
Any condition in which there is a relative increase in the percent of red blood cells in whole blood. May result from excessive production of red cells because of lack of oxygen, as caused by high altitudes, breathing obstruction, heart failure, or certain forms of poisoning. Apparent polycythemia results from concentration of the blood, as by dehydration
A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent.
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
angioedema
A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
hemopoietic stem cell
A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells
A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation, and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy
neutropenia
immunoglobulin (Ig)
An antibody. Fall into five classes, each abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
agglutination
The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific antibodies
eosinophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites
A blood platelet
thrombocyte
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites
eosinophil
basophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions
erythrocyte
A red blood cell
ROOT leuk/o, leukocyt/o
ROOT FOR white blood cell
A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels
ecchymosis
A substance that causes an allergic response
allergen
thrombocytopenia
A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood
myelofibrosis
Condition in which bone marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue
An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling monocytes)
infectious mononucleosis
A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV). A count of less than 200/µL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency.
CD4+ T lymphocyte count
A commonly used blood stain
Wright stain
Test used to determine absorption of vitamin B12 by measuring excretion of radioactive B12 in the urine. Used to distinguish pernicious from nutritional anemia
Schilling test
electrophoresis
Separation of particles in a liquid by application of an electrical field; used to separate components of blood.
A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte
platelet
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and rejections of transplanted tissue
hemolysis
The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.
pernicious anemia
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
A clotting disorder caused by destruction of platelets that usually follows a viral illness. Causes petechiae and hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte
neutrophil
Any disease of the lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
ROOT FOR white blood cell
ROOT leuk/o, leukocyt/o
A condition in which overactive bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. These interfere with circulation and promote thrombosis and hemorrhage. Treated by blood removal. Also called erythremia, Vasquez–Osler disease
polycythemia vera
systemic lupus erythematosus
Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
homologous blood
Blood from animals of the same species, such as human blood used for transfusion from one person to another. Blood used for transfusions must be compatible with the blood of the recipient
ROOT myel/o
ROOT FOR bone marrow
A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated by the liver in bile
bilirubin
graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR)
An immunologic reaction of transplanted lymphocytes against tissues of the host; a common complication of bone marrow transplantation.
ROOT FOR blood
ROOT hem/o, hemat/o
hypersensitivity
An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy
A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations of West African descent
sickle cell anemia
gamma globulin
The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity
multiple myeloma
A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow
An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing
Sjögren syndrome
The state of being protected against a specific disease
immunity
Kaposi sarcoma
Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS
splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
septicemia
Presence of microorganisms in the blood
anaphylactic reaction
An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance. It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated.
SUFFIX FOR condition of blood
SUFFIX -emia, -hemia
immunity
The state of being protected against a specific disease
A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for “sea”)
thalassemia
bilirubin
A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is eliminated by the liver in bile
The virus that causes AIDS
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus that, in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an Rh-positive fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen; erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
spherocytic anemia
Hereditary anemia in which red blood cells are round instead of disk-shaped and rupture (hemolyze) excessively
A protein that appears in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones protein
The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific antibodies
agglutination
immunosuppression
Depression of the immune response. May be correlated with disease but also may be induced therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue transplantation
sickle cell anemia
A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations of West African descent
T cell
A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks foreign cells directly
Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia)
petechiae
ROOT hem/o, hemat/o
ROOT FOR blood
agranulocytes
A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its cytoplasm.
A tumor of the blood-forming tissue in bone marrow
multiple myeloma
The stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual’s own tissues
autoimmune disease
ROOT ox/y
ROOT FOR oxygen (symbol O)
An anti-HIV drug that acts by inhibiting an enzyme the virus needs to multiply
protease inhibitor
epinephrine
A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called adrenaline
A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within the tissues. Process antigens for T cells
macrophage
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent.
reticulocyte counts
Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation
Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation
reticulocyte counts
lymphocyte
An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells); found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue
neutropenia
A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation, and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for malignancy
A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies
complement
Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic)
leukemia
A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids
electrolyte
monoclonal antibody
A pure antibody produced in the laboratory; used for diagnosis and treatment
Bence Jones protein
A protein that appears in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
cryoprecipitate
A sediment obtained by cooling. The fraction obtained by freezing blood plasma contains clotting factors
complement
A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies
fibrinogen
The inactive precursor of fibrin
hemosiderosis
A condition involving the deposition of an iron-containing pigment (hemosiderin) mainly in the liver and the spleen. The pigment comes from hemoglobin released from disintegrated red blood cells
phagocytosis
The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells
seroconversion
The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a disease or an immunization
plasma cell
A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies
Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo
Reed-Sternberg cells
myelodysplastic syndrome
Bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. May develop in time into leukemia; preleukemia
An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)
desensitization
Treatment of allergy by small injections of the offending allergen. This causes an increase of antibody to destroy the antigen rapidly on contact
The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system
blood
A condition involving a decrease in the number of granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia
agranulocytosis
Fanconi syndrome
Congenital aplastic anemia that appears between birth and 10 years of age; may be hereditary or caused by damage before birth, as by a virus
von Willebrand disease
A hereditary bleeding disease caused by lack of von Willebrand factor, a substance necessary for blood clotting
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood
thrombocytopenia
lymphadenopathy
Any disease of the lymph nodes
petechiae
Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia)
Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia
aplastic anemia
ROOT FOR potassium (symbol K)
ROOT kali
Cooley anemia
A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production of the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major
The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells
phagocytosis
B cell
A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in producing antibodies
Blood from animals of the same species, such as human blood used for transfusion from one person to another. Blood used for transfusions must be compatible with the blood of the recipient
homologous blood
allergen
A substance that causes an allergic response
intrinsic factor
A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of causes pernicious anemia
