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Bio 6 > chap 8 > Flashcards

chap 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 6 functions of bone and the skeletal system (sir please ask me before touching)

A 
Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral storage and release
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage
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2
Q

Longer than wide, and have widened ends and narrow shafts

A

Long Bones - most of the arm and leg bones are long bones

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3
Q

roughly cubed shape, equal width and length

A

Short Bones - most of the carpals and tarsals

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4
Q

Thin and sheet-like, can be flat or curved.

A

Flat Bones - most of the skull are flat bones, also sternum

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5
Q

almost all other bones fit in this category, no specific shape or size

A

Irregular Bones - almost all other face bones and bones of the vertebra

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6
Q

roughly triangular they have a base and an apex

A

Sesamoid Bones - Patella

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7
Q

the middle portion of the long bones (the narrow shaft)

A

Diaphysis

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8
Q

the distal and proximal ends on either end of the Diaphysis

A

Epiphysis

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9
Q

The narrowing portion of a long bone where it goes from the wide head to the narrow shaft

A

Metaphysis

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10
Q

where two bones connect on the end, the covering of the bone is

A

articular cartilage

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11
Q

thin slimy connective tissue that surrounds the perimeter (outside) of the bones

A

Periosteum

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12
Q

The inside or internal portion of the long bones where the yellow marrow is found

A

medullary cavity

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13
Q

lines the inside of the bone, surrounds it on the inside

A

endosteum

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14
Q

the thinner outer layer of bone that runs all along the outside.

A

Compact Bone

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15
Q

The inside portion of the bone that is just as hard but has a more porous look to it and contains the red blood cells.

A

Spongy bone

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16
Q

Found inside of the Medullary Cavity

A

Yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

the part of the skeleton that is the main body portion,

A

The axial skeleton

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18
Q

the part of the skeleton that contains all the limbs

A

Appendicular skeleton

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19
Q

what bones make up the axial skeleton (some very tough pieces)

A

Skull: cranial and facial bones
Vertebral column, all of the bones of the vertebrae
Thorax: Sternum and ribs
Pelvic girdle: Ilium, Ischium, Pubic

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20
Q

what bones make the appendicular skeleton (Please understand limbs)

A

Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
Upper limbs: humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, phalanges
Lower limbs: femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, phalanges

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21
Q

what are the three major sections of the Vertebra (can turkeys laugh)

A

cervical thoracic and lumbar

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22
Q

what is the name of the C1 the first cervical vertebra

A

atlas

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23
Q

what is the name of the C2 the second cervical vertebra

A

axis

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24
Q

There are two sections below the lumbar what are they

A

sacrum and coccyx made up of 5 sacral bones fused and 3 coccyx bones fused

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25
Q

what makes the cervical vertebra distinguishable

A

they are the only vertebra that contain the holes known as transverse foramen, and the body is smaller and connected to the transverse process between the transverse foramen

26
Q

what makes the thoracic vertebra distinguishable

A

the spinous process is really long and narrow with a inferior slant, they have facets for rib connections on each side of the transverse process and they have no holes and the vertebral body is smaller than the lumbar but does not have the transverse process attached at its sides

27
Q

what makes the lumbar vertebra distinguishable

A

it has no holes or flat ends on the transverse processes, and its body is the biggest and makes a big, wide oval, the spinous process is long but does not slant down

28
Q

what are the first 7 ribs called and why

A

the true ribs, they each have their own cartilage attaching to the sternum

29
Q

what are the last 5 ribs called as a whole and why

A

false ribs - 8,9, 10 have cartilage that all connect together and they connect to the sternum 11. 12 are not connected at all and are called floating ribs

30
Q

what is distinctive about the femur

A

it has a really big head that narrows to a neck before joining with the rest of the bone, the head is always medial and at the distal end it has a medial condyle on the same side and a lateral condyle on the opposite side of the head with an indentation for the patella to sit in.

31
Q

what is distinctive about the humerus

A

it also has a big round head but does not taper to a neck but joins the bone directly and on the distal end it has a big notch where the elbow connects

32
Q

what is distinctive about the radius

A

at the proximal end it has a flat top and at the distal end it has a pointy protrusion where it connects to the thumb

33
Q

what is distinctive about the ulna

A

at the proximal end it has the olecranon process that extends out, it is not flat but makes a U shape on the distal end it is not completely flat but has a small projection that is more medial and this bone attaches to the pinkie

34
Q

the study of bone structure and disorders is called

A

osteology

35
Q

what are the two types of osseous (bone) tissue

A

compact and spongy

36
Q

what other components make up bone, there are six (do care about his normal bone-stuff)

A 
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Tissue forming blood cells
Nerve issue
Blood vessels
37
Q

this part of a long bone contains spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

A

epiphysis

38
Q

this area of the long bone is the middle shaft composed of compact bone

A

diaphysis

39
Q

the area of the epiphysis where the bone grows in length is called the

A

epiphyseal plate in growing bone and epiphyseal line in bone that is done growing.

40
Q

the cavities within the spongy bone of the epiphyses contain what

A

red marrow responsible for producing red blood cells

41
Q

this is composed of hyaline cartilage, and covers both epiphyses.

A

articular cartilage

42
Q

the bone surface is covered with a tough, connective tissue membrane called

A

periosteum

43
Q

the hollow center of the bony diaphysis is called the

A

medullary cavity there is also a small amount of spongy bone found in this cavity.

44
Q

The medullary cavity is lined with a connective tissue membrane called ______ and is filled with a fatty substance called _____ _____.

A

endosteum / yellow marrow

45
Q

both the periosteum and the endosteum contain _______ for bone formation and ________ for bone tissue repair.

A

osteoblasts / osteoclasts

46
Q

properties of osseous tissue are determined by its

A

extracellular matrix

47
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of in osseous tissue (watch penguins migrate)

A

25% water
25% protein fibers
50% mineral salts

48
Q

provides tensile strength and flexibility so that bone does not break with normal stress

A

collagen

49
Q

consists mainly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate salts, this gives the “backbone” or hardness to bone,

A

mineral salts

50
Q

as we age the collagen content ______, causing bones to become ______ and ________ more easily.

A

decreases / brittle / break

51
Q

Decreased _______ content of bone, causes bones to be ______ and to _______ due to body weight.

A

minerals / soft / bend

52
Q

what are of long bone Is covered with cartilage?

A

both epiphyses

53
Q

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

54
Q

what area of bone is made up of a thin layer of compact bone and a thick spongy bone?

A

epiphysis

55
Q

what are of bone is made up of a thick layer of compact bone and a very thin layer of spongy bone

A

diaphysis

56
Q

the hardness of bone is due to what?

A

mineral salts - calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

57
Q

the flexibility and tensile strength of bone are due to what?

A

collagen

58
Q

what type of macromolecule is collagen?

A

protein

59
Q

a bone that has the collagen removed is flexible or inflexible?

A

inflexible

60
Q

a bone that has the calcium removed is flexible or inflexible?

A

flexible

Bio 6 (18 decks)

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