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Bio 6 > Chap 17&18 > Flashcards

Chap 17&18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.

A

sensation

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2
Q

what are the two types of senses

A

general or somatic or tactile and

special senses

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3
Q

this sense involves touch pressure and vibration

A

somatic senses

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4
Q

this sense include smell taste

A

special senses

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5
Q

this sense include thermal sensations like warm and cold

A

somatic senses

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6
Q

this sense include vision and hearing

A

special senses

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7
Q

this sense includes balance

A

special senses

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8
Q

this sense includes pain sensations and proprioceptive like joint and muscle position movements

A

somatic senses

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9
Q

where are the receptors for your special senses located

A

in the head in your sensory organs, eyes, mouth, nose, ears

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10
Q

the science of the eye and its disorders

A

ophthalmology

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11
Q

the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders

A

otorhinolaryngology

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12
Q

eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, and extrinsic eye muscles(move eyeballs) and the lacrimal apparatus (produces tears) are considered what kind of structures

A

accessory structures

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13
Q

what are the three layers of the eyeball

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
retina

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14
Q

what does the fibrous tunic include

A

sclera and cornea

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15
Q

what does the vascular tunic include

A

choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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16
Q

what does the retina contain

A

photoreceptors (this is your neural layer)

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17
Q

how many layers does the retina consist of and what are they called

A

1) neural layer

2) pigmented layer

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18
Q

the photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer are all part of what layer of the retina

A

neural layer

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19
Q

a sheet of melanin-containing epithelial cells is what layer of the retina

A

pigmented layer

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20
Q

what divides the interior of the eyeball into two cavities

A

the lens

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21
Q

what is the name of the two cavities that the lens divides the interior of the eyeball into

A

the anterior cavity

the vitreous chamber

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22
Q

this cavity is a space between the cornea nd the lens that is filled with watery aqueous humor

A

the anterior cavity

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23
Q

this cavity is the larger posterior cavity located between the lens and the retina and it contains the vitreous body

A

vitreous chamber

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24
Q

this watery substance is found in front of the lens and produces intraocular pressure within the eye

A

aqueous humor

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25
Q

this cavity is filled with a gel like substance and is found behind the lens and helps the eyeball from collapsing and holds the retina flat against the choroid

A

vitreous body

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26
Q

describe the flow of tears

A

1) the lacrimal gland found under the eyebrow behind the top outer portion of the eyelid secretes tears into
2) the excretory lacrimal ducts which extend down from the lacrimal gland like little fingers which distribute tears over the surface of the eyeball the tears then flow towards
3) the superior or inferior lacrimal canaliculi which are found in the upper and lower inside corner of the eye which drain the tears into
4) the nasolacrimal duct found in the outside area of the nose on each side between the eyes and cheeks which drains the tears into
5) nasal cavity (causes runny nose when crying)

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27
Q

these are found below the eyebrow under the top portion of the eyelid and secrete tears

A

lacrimal gland

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28
Q

these are fingers that come off of the lacrimal gland that distribute tears over surface of the eyeball

A

excretory lacrimal ducts

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29
Q

these are found in a circular area I the corner of the eye that drain tears into the nasolacrimal duct

A

superior or inferior lacrimal canaliculi

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30
Q

these are found on each side of the nose, extending down from the corner of the eye almost to the end of the nose and drain tears into the nasal cavity

A

nasolacrimal duct

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31
Q

the colored part of the eye found under the cornea

A

iris

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32
Q

the tough white part of the eye that forms the majority of the eyeball and is found under the conjunctiva layer

A

sclera

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33
Q

the black center or hole in the eye found under the cornea that allows light to enter the eyeball and changes size in response to the intensity of light

A

pupil

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34
Q

the thin protective mucous membrane that covers the anterior eye and folds to cover the inner eyelid.

A

conjunctiva

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35
Q

what is the pupils response to bright light

A

the pupil constricts as circular muscles of the iris contract this is a parasympathetic response

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36
Q

what is the pupils response to dim light

A

the pupil dilates as radial muscles of the iris contract, this is a sympathetic response

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37
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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38
Q

these photoreceptors work best in dim light, they detect different intensities of gray

A

rods

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39
Q

these photoreceptors work best in bright light, they detect colors and come in three types

A

cones - red, blue, and green

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40
Q

if you are lacking one or more cones you will have this condition which is more prominent in men

A

colorblindness

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41
Q

what is the most common cone to be missing in a person with colorblindness

A

red or green

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42
Q

explain how vision works

A

refraction of light rays by the cornea and lens, which focus and inverted image on the central fovea of the retina.

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43
Q

what happens when you are viewing close objects

A

accommodation - the lens increases its curvature and the pupil constricts to prevent light rays from entering the eye through the periphery of the lens

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44
Q

what are the three types of improper refraction

A

myopia
hyperopia
astigmatism

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45
Q

this is when you can see clearly close up but things far away are blurry

A

myopia (nearsightedness)

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46
Q

this is when you can see clearly far way but things close up are blurry

A

hyperopia (farsightedness

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47
Q

this condition is when you have an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

A

astigmatism

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48
Q

the movement of the eyeballs towards the nose to view an object is called

A

convergence (crossing eyes)

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49
Q

an automatic reflex for light rays is called

A

constriction of pupil

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50
Q

this type of test measures the ability of the lens to focus light on the central fovea

A

visual acuity tests

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51
Q

this is when the lens changes shape to focus light rays on the central fovea and or lens bulges to focus on objects that are close

A

accommodation

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52
Q

the closest distance that a person can focus on an object is known as

A

near point

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53
Q

the term for normal vision 20/20

A

emmetropic

54
Q

the term for farsighted - normal distance vision but blurry near vision

A

hyperopic

55
Q

the term for nearsighted - normal near vision, but blurry distance vision

A

myopic

56
Q

what are the three main regions that the ear is divided into

A

the external ear
the middle ear
the internal ear

57
Q

this part of the ear collects sound waves and channels them inward

A

the external ear

58
Q

an air filled cavity within the temporal bone that extends from the tympanic membrane to the oval window and conveys sound vibrations to the oval window.

A

the middle ear

59
Q

this part of the ear houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium

A

the internal ear

60
Q

this part of the ear consists of the auricle, the external auditory canal, and the eardrum

A

the external ear

61
Q

this part of the ear consists of the auditory (eustachian) tube, the auditory ossicles, and the oval window

A

the middle ear

62
Q

this part of the ear consists of the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea

A

the internal ear

63
Q

this part of the internal ear is responsible for static equilibrium

A

vestibule

64
Q

this part of the internal ear is responsible for dynamic equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

65
Q

this part of the internal ear is responsible for hearing

A

cochlea

66
Q

a hearing test that determines hearing loss or deafness

A

audiometry

67
Q

a unit used to measure the intensity of sound

A

decibel

68
Q

the frequency of sound, measured in HERTZ

A

pitch

69
Q

a group of structures involved in producing and draining tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

70
Q

six skeletal muscles that insert on the exterior of the eyeball to move the eyeball in all directions.

A

extrinsic eye muscles

71
Q

the transparent portion of the eye that covers the iris and pupil

A

cornea

72
Q

this structure of the eyeball begins posterior to the iris at the junction of the cornea and sclera and consists of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes

A

ciliary body

73
Q

the smooth muscle that contracts to control the shape of the lens.

A

ciliary muscle

74
Q

this structure that is part of the ciliary body, contains capillaries that secrete aqueous humor, the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eyeball

A

ciliary process

75
Q

the most posterior part of the vascular tunic that lines most of the interior of the sclera, it contains many blood vessels that nourish the retina.

A

choroid

76
Q

this eye structure is the inner coat that starts at the ciliary muscle and continues posteriorly, lining the choroid, it contains photoreceptors that are sensitive to light and initiate nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for vision

A

retina

77
Q

this eye structure is located in the center of the macula lutea at the posterior of the eyeball and contains the highest concentration of cones, the images focused here are sharper than images focused on other areas of the retina.

A

central fovea

78
Q

rods and cones synapse with other neurons, and the axons of these neurons converge at the posterior-medial part of the eyeball to form the _____ _____.

A

optic nerve

79
Q

the area where axons meet to form the optic nerve is called the _____ _____, since no photoreceptors are found here.

A

blind spot

80
Q

this structure of the eye is an opening found at the junction of the cornea and sclera that drains aqueous humor back into the blood stream

A

scleral venous sinus

81
Q

___________ is caused by an increase in pressure within the eye called intraocular pressure. Blockage of the scleral venous sinus prevents drainage of aqueous humor, increasing the amount in the anterior cavity that causes increased intraocular pressure.

A

glaucoma

82
Q

_______ ___________ is a progressive deterioration of the macula lutea and sight diminishes as cones are destroyed.

A

macular degeneration

83
Q

as we age the ability of the lens to accommodate diminishes and the ability to focus on very close objects decreases, a condition called _______.

A

presbyopia

84
Q

the flexible external structure that is commonly called the ear, collects sound waves and directs them toward the external auditory canal

A

auricle

85
Q

conducts sound waves from the auricle to the tympanic membrane

A

external auditory canal

86
Q

also known as the eardrum, converts sound waves to vibrations that are transferred to middle ear structures

A

tympanic membrane

87
Q

small bones within the middle ear cavity that are connected by synovial joints these bones transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

A

auditory ossicles

88
Q

the outermost bone that is attached to the tympanic membrane

A

malleus

89
Q

the middle bone that connects to the stapes

A

incus

90
Q

the innermost bone that connects to the incus and oval window

A

stapes

91
Q

what are the three bones that make up the auditory ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

92
Q

the membrane covered opening that separates the middle and inner ear, and transfers vibrations to the inner ear.

A

oval window

93
Q

also known as the Eustachian tube this connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx (part of the throat near the nasal cavity) and equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with atmospheric air (this is what you pop so you can hear after coming down or going up to the mountains)

A

auditory tube

94
Q

the internal ear is housed within the temporal bone and consists of cavities within the bone called the ____ _____.

A

bony labyrinth

95
Q

the bony labyrinth contains a series of connected membranous sacs called the _____ _____.

A

membranous labyrinth

96
Q

the bony labyrinth contains a fluid called ______ that surrounds the membranous labyrinth.

A

perilymph

97
Q

_____ is the fluid within the membranous labyrinth.

A

endolymph

98
Q

the middle area of the bony labyrinth that contains equilibrium receptors in its membranous labyrinth.

A

vestibule

99
Q

three bony canals posterior to the vestibule that project posteriorly, laterally, and superiorly from the vestibule; each canal is at right angles to the other two

A

semicircular canals

100
Q

the widened end of each semicircular canal that also contains equilibrium receptors

A

ampulla

101
Q

the spiral area of the bony labyrinth anterior to the vestibule whose membranous labyrinth contains the receptors for hearing.

A

cochlea

102
Q

hearing and equilibrium receptors initiate nerve impulses which are carried by the ____ _____ (cranial nerve #8) to the brain.

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

103
Q

what are the two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

the vestibular branch

the cochlear branch

104
Q

this branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve carries nerve impulses generated by equilibrium receptors

A

the vestibular branch

105
Q

this branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve carries nerve impulses generated by the hearing receptors

A

the cochlear branch

106
Q

what are the two types of hearing loss

A

conduction deafness

sensorineural deafness

107
Q

this type of hearing loss occurs when there is a decreased ability to conduct the energy of sound waves through the external and middle ear to hearing receptors in the inner ear.

A

conduction deafness

108
Q

this type of hearing loss is caused by damage to hearing receptors, damage to the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, or damage of the neural pathways to the auditory cortex.

A

sensorineural deafness

109
Q

this kind of hearing loss is caused by ear wax buildup, damage to the tympanic membrane, or fusion of the auditory ossicles.

A

conduction deafness

110
Q

what are the to types of equilibrium receptors

A

static and

dynamic

111
Q

these equilibrium receptors provide information about body position relative to the force of gravity as in standing upright vs. being upside down

A

static equilibrium receptors

112
Q

these equilibrium receptors provide information about body position in response to sudden movement such as rotation, acceleration, and deceleration. Inflammation of or injury to these results in an inability to maintain body position, vertigo and or dizziness.

A

dynamic equilibrium receptors

113
Q

the sensation of circular motion either of oneself or external objects

A

vertigo

114
Q

severe vertigo may be accompanied by ____ which is a rapid, involuntary movement of the eyeballs

A

nystagmus

115
Q

the top outside portion of the ear that comes to a point on spock

A

helix

116
Q

the bottom outside portion of the ear that is the usual sight for piercings

A

lobule

117
Q

this can be corrected by a convex lens

A

hyperopia

118
Q

this can be corrected by a concave lens

A

myopia

119
Q

A higher decibel number would indicate a louder sound.

A

true

120
Q

Red/yellow colorblindness is the most common form of colorblindness

A

false

121
Q

The unit of measure for pitch is the

A

hertz

122
Q

the unit of measure for how loud a sound is

A

decibel

123
Q

Contains the receptors for static equilibrium

A

vestibule

124
Q

Contains the receptors for dynamic equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

125
Q

Conveys sound toward the ear drum

A

external auditory canal

126
Q

Bones in the middle ear

A

ossicles

127
Q

Corrected by concave lens

A

myopia

128
Q

Corrected by convex lens

A

hyperopia

129
Q

A person with this condition may have 20/50 vision

A

myopia

130
Q

The receptors for vision are the ____ and they are found in the _____ of the eye.

A

rods and cones found in the retina

131
Q

The shape of the lens when viewing near objects is ____, while the shape of the lens is _____ when viewing objects at a distance.

A

rounded

flattened

Bio 6 (18 decks)

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