Chap 20&23 Flashcards
what are the three functions of blood
transportation
regulation
protection
_______ of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and wastes.
transportation
______ of PH, body temperature, and water content of cells.
regulation
_______ against blood loss through clotting, and against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and complement.
protection
what are the five components of blood?
blood plasma red blood cells white blood cells platelets Hematocrit
what is hematocrit
the measurement of the percentage of blood
what is the average measurement of hematocrit for males and females
males 47 percent + or - 5
females 42 percent + or - 5
what percentage of the blood does plasma make up?
55 percent
what percentage of the blood does red blood cells make up
45 percent
what percentage does the buffy coat in the middle of a centrifuged blood sample make up and what is it composed of?
5 percent white blood cells and platelets
what does blood plasma consists of?
7% proteins
- 5% water
- 5% other solutes
what are the proteins found in blood plasma
albumins 54%
globulins 38%
fibrinogen 7%
all others 1%
what are the other solutes found in blood plasma
electrolytes nutrients gases regulatory substances waste products
what are the formed elements that make up the other 45% of whole blood?
platelets 150,000 - 400,000
white blood cells 5,000-10,000
red blood cells 4.8 to 5.4 million
what are the 5 types white blood cells are further broken down into?
neutrophils 60-70% lymphocytes 20-25% monocytes 3-8% eosinophils 2-4% Basophils 0.5-1.0%
what is another term for red blood cells
erythrocytes
describe the anatomy of a red blood cell or erythrocyte
biconcave 30 times more surface area
uniform size
97% hemoglobin
no nuclei or organelles
what is the function of a red blood cell or erythrocyte
pick up O2 at lung capillaries
release O2 across other tissue capillaries
what is another term for white blood cells
leukocytes
what two main types of leukocytes are there
granulocytes (granular leukocytes)
agranulocytes (agranular leukocytes)
what are the types of granular leukocytes
the phils
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what are the types of agranular leukocytes
the cytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
what is the relative abundance of leukocytes in the blood (never let monkeys eat bananas)
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
what is the most numerous white blood cell
neutrophils
what does the nucleus of neutrophils look like
2 to 6 lobes
what do the granules look like of neutrophils
small granules stain purple and red
what percentage of white blood cells or leukocytes do eosinophils make up
1 to 4 %
describe the nucleus of eosinophils
bilobed or two lobed cradle shaped
describe the granules of eosinophils
large granules that stain red
what percentage of white blood cells or leukocytes do basophils make up
0.5%
describe the nucleus of basophils
usually two lobes and are U or S shaped
describe the granules of basophils
granules stain dark purple and look like a purple ball of yarn
what percentage of white blood cells do lymphocytes make up
20 to 45%
why are lymphocytes so important
they are the most important cells of the immune system
effective in fighting infectious organisms
describe the nucleus of a lymphocyte
large spherical nucleus that stains dark purple
what are the three main classes of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells and NK cells or Natural Killer cells
what percentage of white blood cells do monocytes make up
4 to 8 %
describe the makeup of monocytes
larges of the leukocytes
nucleus is kidney shaped
these are cell fragments that are disc-shaped, plasma membrane-enclosed cytoplasm fragments that break off from megakaryocytes and function in clotting the blood
Platelets
what are the shape of platelets
disc-shaped
what do platelets break off from
megakaryocytes
these elicit an immune response
antigens
these bind to antigens - and have a highly specific interaction
antibodies
this is based on two antigens called A and B that determine blood type
ABO blood group
this contains antibodies or agglutinins that react with the A or antigens if mixed.
blood plasma
what are the two types of antibodies that react called?
Anti-A antibodies
Anti-B antibodies
what is the rhesus monkey blood group?
the RH Blood group
people who have Rh antigens or the __ ______ are classified as what?
RH factor
RH+
people who lack the Rh antigen are classified as what
Rh-
this blood type has A antigen in the red blood cells and Anti-B antibodies is the plasma
Type A
this blood type has B antigen in the red blood cells and Anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Type B
this blood type has Both A and B antigens and contains neither antibody in the plasma
Type AB
this blood type has neither A or B antigens and contains both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type O
what is the most common blood type in the United States
O+
what is the least common blood type in the Untied States
B-
how much blood does the adult cardiovascular system contain?
approximately 5.5 liters of blood
when centrifuged what two main components does blood separate into?
the clear straw-colored liquid called plasma
the dark red and buff-colored portions are the formed elements
what are the formed elements include
red blood cells RBC’s
white blood cells WBC’s
platelets
what is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
a large molecule used to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
hemoglobin
these are small anucleate (without a nucleus) cells that contain hemoglobin.
Erythrocytes or RBC’s (red blood cells)
what is the name of the red pigment that gives blood its red color?
heme
blood is ______ ___ when oxygen-rich and _______ ___ when oxygen-poor.
bright red
darker red
do females or males have higher amounts of red blood cells?
males have higher amounts and females have lower amounts
what is the term given when someone has abnormally high numbers of Red Blood cells?
polycythemia
what is the term given when someone has abnormally low numbers of Red Blood cells?
anemia
these cells are nucleated cells that attack pathogens and other substances that invade the body
WBC’s white blood cells or leukocytes
there are ___ types of leukocytes that are divided into ___ categories.
5 types
2 categories
what are the two categories of leukocytes
granular
agranular
these leukocytes have discernible vesicles (granules) in the cytoplasm that can be seen after staining.
Granular leukocytes
these leukocytes have granules, but the microscopes that were used at the time these cells were named were not powerful enough to distinguish the granules.
Agranular leukocytes
what are the three types of granular leukocytes (the phils)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what are the two types of agranular leukocytes (the cytes)
lymphocytes
monocytes
how many WBC’s are normally within a microliter of blood
5,000 to 10,000
an abnormally high number of WBC’s is called what
leukocytosis
an abnormally low number of WBC’s is called what
leukopenia
these special cell fragments protect the body by forming a plug to stop bleeding when blood vessels rupture and by secreting chemicals that aid in blood clotting.
platelets
what is the term given when there is a deficiency in the number of circulating platelets
thrombocytopenia
which cells are larger when looked at under a microscope red blood cells or white blood cells
white blood cells are larger than red blood cells
what are the tiny dots dispersed among the RBC’s and WBC’s that stain dark purple and may just appear to look like extra stain on a slide?
platelets
these have a 700 to 1 ratio to WBC’s, a 7-8 micrometer diameter, no nucleus, no granules, and are light pinkish-red in color
Red Blood Cells RBC’s
these make up 60 to 70% of all WBC’s, are about 10-12 micrometer diameter, have a multilobed nucleus with 2-5 lobes connected by threads that gives them the nicknames polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMN’s they are also sometimes called segs; have small non-distinct pale lilac to neutral-staining granules, and their cytoplasm is usually pink but depending on the stain used sometimes has a reddish tinge that makes students mistake these cells for eosinophils
neutrophils
these make up 2-4% of all WBC’s, are about 10-12 micrometers in diameter, have a bi-lobed nucleus (occasionally three), many medium, red-orange granules (some stains make them look very dark brownish-red-orange), and their cytoplasm is pink
Eosinophils
these make up 0.5to1.0% of all WBC’s, are 8-10 micrometers in diameter, have a large nucleus that is varied in shape and is generally obscured by large dark blue-purple granules, and has a cytoplasm that appears purple.
Basophil
these make up 20-25% of all WBC’s, have a 6-9 micrometer diameter for the small ones and 10-14 micrometer diameter for the large ones, have a large, round or slightly indented nucleus that stains very dark purple, granules are not obvious with a light microscope, and has a light sky blue cytoplasm, small cells have only a rim of cytoplasm, and larger cells have larger cytoplasm
lymphocytes
these make up 3-8% of all WBC’s, are a very large cell 12-20 micrometer diameter, have a large kidney shaped lacy nucleus, sometimes oval and indented, their granules are not obvious with a light microscope, and have a light blue-gray cytoplasm, sometimes irregular extensions of the cytoplasm
monocyte
these have a 20 to 1 ration of RBC’s to them, they have a 2-4 micrometer diameter, a small cell fragment, no nucleus, dark purple granules, and cytoplasm that is difficult to see because of the dark purple granules
platelets
this is critical for blood transfusions, transplantations, and maternal-fetal compatibility and is also used in genetic studies, forensic studies, legal medicine, and anthropology.
blood type
what are the most commonly used systems for classifying blood types that we will be studying?
ABO and Rh
Blood typing is based on the _________ molecules that are on the surface of the RBC membranes.
antigenic
in the ABO system there are type of antigens that can be present as surface membrane molecules on red blood cells, what are they?
anti-A
anti-B
If you have only the A antigen present what type blood do you have
Type A
if you have only B antigens present what type blood do you have
Type B
If you have both A and B antigens present what type blood are you
AB
if you have neither A or B antigens present what type blood are you
O
these are plasma proteins that combine with a specific antigen to inhibit or destroy it.
antibodies
when do ABO antibodies appear in babies blood
a few months after birth
if you have type A blood what do you not have
the corresponding anti-A antibody
What do people with type A blood have that will become cross-linked if type B blood is given to them?
Type B antibodies
what is the term used for the clumping that happens when a different blood type is given to someone
agglutinate
________ is followed by the activation of another plasma protein that attaches to the recipients RBC’s and hemolyzes or bursts them, releasing _______ that can cause kidney damage.
agglutination
hemoglobin
why do ABO antibodies not cross the placenta
because of their large size
this system is different from the ABO system but does have similarities
Rh system
if you have the Rh antigen as a surface membrane molecule on your red blood cells what is your blood type
Rh+
if you do not have the Rh antigen what are you
Rh-
those who are Rh- are not _____ with the anti Rh antibody and do not obtain this antibody until what?
they are not born with it and do not obtain it until they are exposed to it through a blood transfusion, sharing hypodermic needles, or carrying a child that has the antibody.
what can happen during delivery if a mother has a different Rh factor than the child they are delivering?
the baby’s blood can leak from the placenta into the mothers bloodstream causing the mothers body to make Rh antibodies.
