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Bio 6 > Chap 14&15 > Flashcards

Chap 14&15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

A

neurology

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2
Q

The _____ _____ ____ consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

the central nervous system consists of the _____ and the _____ _____.

A

brain and the spinal cord

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4
Q

The _____ _____ _____ consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.

A

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

what are the three basic functions of the nervous system

A

detecting stimuli
analyzing, integrating, and storing sensory information
responding to integrative decisions

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6
Q

responding to integrate decisions is what kind of function?

A

motor function

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7
Q

analyzing, integrating, and storing sensory information is what kind of function

A

integrative function

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8
Q

detecting stimuli is what kind of function

A

sensory function

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9
Q

The ___ ____ and its associated spinal nerves contain neural pathways that control some of your most rapid reactions to environmental changes known as _____.

A

spinal cord

reflexes

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10
Q

these two things protect the spinal cord.

A

vertebral column

meninges

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11
Q

the tough outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the subdural space and is surrounded by epidural space (fat)

A

dura mater

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12
Q

middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds the subarachnoid space and is filled with cerebro9spinal fluid

A

arachnoid mater

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13
Q

delicate inner layer of connective tissue that hugs the spinal cord closely

A

pia mater

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14
Q

the three membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord are known collectively as

A

meninges

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15
Q

name the three membranes from outer to inner

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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16
Q

name the three meninges from innermost to outer most

A

pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

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17
Q

what is the name of the space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater

A

subdural space

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18
Q

what is the name of the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space

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19
Q

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia are all part of what

A

gray matter

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20
Q

primarily myelinated axons of neurons, the anterior, lateral and posterior white columns

A

white matter

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21
Q

cell bodies of incoming sensory neurons made up of gray matter

A

posterior (dorsal) gray horns

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22
Q

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons made up of gray matter

A

anterior (ventral) gray horns

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23
Q

the line that runs down the midline of the back portion of the spinal cord (looks like a butt crack)

A

posterior median sulcus

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24
Q

the line that runs down the midline of the front portion of the spinal cord (looks like butt cheeks)

A

anterior median fissure

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25
Q

the small hole in the very center of the gray matter

A

central canal

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26
Q

the smaller bottom wings of the butterfly

A

posterior gray horn

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27
Q

the larger upper wings of the butterfly

A

anterior gray horn

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28
Q

the shape that looks like a butterfly

A

gray matter

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29
Q

the portion that makes up the outside around the butterfly

A

white matter

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30
Q

how many cervical nerves are there

A

8 pairs

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31
Q

these nerves supply the upper limbs

A

cervical enlargement nerves

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32
Q

cervical vertebrae c1-c5 are known as the

A

cervical plexus

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33
Q

these nerves supply the lower limbs

A

lumbar enlargement nerves

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34
Q

where is the lumbar enlargement located

A

starts at t-9 and continues until the conus (cone) medullaris before L-1

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35
Q

where is the cervical enlargement located

A

between c-5 nd c-8

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36
Q

how many thoracic nerves are there

A

12 pairs

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37
Q

how many lumbar nerves are there

A

5 pairs

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38
Q

what is the name of the horse tail looking part below the conus medullaris

A

cauda equina

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39
Q

how many sacral nerves are there

A

5 pairs

40
Q

how many coccygeal nerves are there

A

1 pair

41
Q

what is the name of the midline nerve that runs all the way from the horse tail to the end of the coccygeal tip

A

filum terminale

42
Q

how can you tell the dorsal root from the ganglion part of the root

A

the ganglion part looks like a bulb in the middle of the root

43
Q

how can you tell the anterior ventral root from the posterior dorsal root

A

the anterior ventral root is smaller and does not have the bulbous middle portion

44
Q

the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is know as a ______ ___.

A

reflex arc

45
Q

what are the five basic components of a reflex? (ssime)

A 
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
integrating center
motor neuron
effector
46
Q

explain the arc

A

by hitting the tendon it causes stretching which stimulates the sensory receptor which is a muscle spindle this triggers the sensory neuron to send a message through the posterior dorsal root into the integrating center which the gray matter of the spinal cord which travels through the anterior ventral root and activates a motor neuron which then triggers the effector or the reflex reaction.

47
Q

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs.

A

medulla oblongata

48
Q

these carry nerve impulses up the spinal cord toward the brain

A

sensory (ascending) tracts

49
Q

these transmit impulses down the cord to spinal nerves

A

motor (descending) tracts

50
Q

white matter s divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior white _______ that contain tracts

A

columns

51
Q

this contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

dorsal root ganglia

52
Q

motor impulses leave the spinal cord via what

A

the anterior root

53
Q

sensory information enters the spinal cord via what

A

the posterior root

54
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

55
Q

each pair of spinal nerves is attached to the spinal cord by what?

A

two nerves

56
Q

the spinal cord is partially divided into ight and left sides by these two things

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

57
Q

the spinal nerves arising from the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions of the spinal cord, angle down the vertebral canal like wisps of flowing hair and are named what

A

cauda equina

58
Q

the spinal cord contains two enlargements that serve as points of origin for nerves to the upper and lower limbs

A

cervical enlargement

lumbar enlargement

59
Q

spinal nerves are classified as what? because they contain both _____ and ______ fibers

A

mixed

sensory and motor fibers

60
Q

spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal via what?

A

intervertebral foramina

61
Q

one major function of the spinal cord is to what?

A

convey nerve impulses within tracts

62
Q

the second major function of the spinal cord is what

A

it serves as a reflex center

63
Q

fast, involuntary sequences of actions that occur in response t particular stimuli

A

reflexes

64
Q

this reflex protects the body by causing immediate —-_ of a limb from a source of injury

A

withdrawal reflex

withdrawal

65
Q

the pathway of a ____ _____ involves the spinal cord but not the brain

A

spinal reflex

66
Q

a ___ _____ has its integration center in the brain stem

A

cranial reflex

67
Q

the shortest route that an impulse can take from a receptor to an effector is called what

A

a reflex arc

68
Q

these reflexes (?) cause the involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles known as ? (one example is the patellar reflex)

A

somatic spinal reflexes

effectors

69
Q

these reflexes involve smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands as effectors

A

autonomic or visceral

70
Q

what four reflexes were tested in the lab

A

patellar reflex
biceps reflex
achilles reflex
plantar flexion

71
Q

which reflex is considered abnormal if it has a positive response

A

plantar flexion

72
Q

web-like middle meninx

A

arachnoid mater

73
Q

tough outer meninx

A

dura mater

74
Q

thin meninx intimate with spinal cord

A

pia mater

75
Q

contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

76
Q

superficial to the dura mater, filled with adipose tissue

A

epidural space

77
Q

contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated processes

A

gray matter

78
Q

sensory branch entering spinal cord

A

posterior dorsal root

79
Q

tapered end of spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

80
Q

motor branch exiting spinal cord

A

anterior ventral root

81
Q

contains sensory neuron cell bodies

A

posterior dorsal root ganglion

82
Q

collection of spinal nerves that arise from inferior end of spinal cord

A

cauda equina

83
Q

composed of myelinated axons

A

white matter

84
Q

small central passageways of spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

central canal

85
Q

extension of pia mater that attaches spinal cord to coccyx

A

filum terminale

86
Q

If the posterior dorsal root is severed, the functional loss is?

A

sensory

87
Q

The sciatic nerve is comprised of two nerves what are they

A

common peroneal aka common fibular

tibial

88
Q

the plexuses that supply the lower limb are the what

A

lumbar plexus and sacral plexus

89
Q

the plexus that supplies the upper limb is the what

A

brachial plexus

90
Q

the _____ nerves supply the diaphragm for breathing

A

phrenic

91
Q

the response of the effector to stimulation by the motor neuron of the reflex arc.

A

reflex

92
Q

if the motor response is contraction of skeletal muscle the reflex is called a?

A

somatic reflex

93
Q

if the motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands the reflex is called?

A

an autonomic or visceral reflex

94
Q

reflexes mediated by spinal nerves are called

A

spinal reflexes

95
Q

reflexes mediated by cranial nerves are called

A

cranial reflexes

96
Q

name the muscle that contracts for the achilles tendon reflex

A

gastrocnemius

Bio 6 (18 decks)

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