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Biology > Chap 7 > Flashcards

Chap 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Amphipithic

A

Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

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2
Q

Vesicles

A
  • Proteins enclosed in a membrane

- used to transport material across membranes

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3
Q

Integral protein

A

Protein within a membrane

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4
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Protein along the outside of a membrane

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5
Q

Ways cells adjust membrane fluidity

A
  • number of hydrogen bonds

- cholesterol within the membrane

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6
Q

Increase membrane fluidity

A
  • More double bonded hydrogen

- cholesterol at low temperature

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7
Q

Osmotic lyses

A
  • water defusing into a cell and bursting it
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8
Q

Plasmyzed

A

-Water defusing out of a cell making it collapse

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9
Q

Channel proteins

2 ex.

A
  • Ion channels

- Aquaporines

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10
Q

Electrogenic pumps

2 ex.

A

Sodium Na+ , Potassium k- pump

Proton H+ , sucrose pump

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11
Q

Membrane potential

A

Charge difference between the cell and outside the cell.

From -50 to -200 millivolts

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12
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The combination of electrical and chemical gradients driving diffusion.

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13
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of taking biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles.

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14
Q

Ligands

A

Any molecule that bonds to a specific receptor of another.

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15
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion of molecules by the fusion of the plasma membrane.

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16
Q

Endocytosis

3 ex.

A

Phagocytosis

Piocytosis

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

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17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of engulfing substances to be used as food

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18
Q

Piocytosis

A

Engulfs extra cellular fluids from vacuoles

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19
Q

Receptor specific Endocytosis

A

Allows cell to engulf large amounts of specific substances.

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of an organisms chemical reaction

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21
Q

Chemical pathway

A

Series of chemical reaction

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22
Q

Catabolic

A

Release of energy by breaking down complex molecules

23
Q

Anabolic

A

Consuming energy to build complex molecules

24
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Study of energy flowing through a living system

25
Q

Enzyme

A

Mostly proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

26
Q

Energy

A

Capability to change or do work

27
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy can neither be created or destroyed only transfers or transformed

28
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy transfer or transformation increases entropy (disorder) in the universe

29
Q

-“delta”G

A

Spontaneous reactions

30
Q

+“delta”G

A

Not spontaneous, requires input energy

31
Q

“delta”G is a measurement of?

A

Reaction instability

32
Q

Equilibrium

A

State of maximum stability

33
Q

Exergenic

A

Spontaneous reaction, release of energy

34
Q

Endogenic

A

Not spontaneous, energy input

35
Q

Energy coupling

A

The use of Exogenic to power Endogenic reactions

36
Q

Phosphorylate

A

The addition of a phosphate group

37
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agent that speeds up reactions without being destroyed in the process

38
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy initially added to start reaction

39
Q

Substrates

A

Reactants

40
Q

Active sight

A

Region where reactants bind to enzyme

41
Q

ReactNts binding to an enzyme creates

A

Activation energy

42
Q

Competative inhibitor

A

Binds to the “active sight” of an enzyme blocking the enzymes specific reactants.

43
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

Chemical that binds to another region of an enzyme changing its shape and function

44
Q

Gated channels

A

Channel proteins that open or close in response to a stimuli.

45
Q

Active transport

A

Transport proteins that move solutes against the gradient.

46
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Active protein pump that transfers 3 Na+ for 2 K+

47
Q

Proton pump

A

Electrogenic active protein pump that moves Ha+

48
Q

Oxidation reaction

A

The loss of electrons from a substance

49
Q

Reduction reaction

A

The addition of electrons to another substance

50
Q

Reducing agent

A

Reduces substance by donating an electron

51
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Oxidizes by taking an electron

52
Q

Coenzyme

A

Non-protein enzymes that temporarily carry electrons

53
Q

Cofactors

A

Non organic parts of enzymes that increase reactivity

54
Q

Glycolysis

A

The break down of glucose into 2 ATP, 2 pyravates and 2 NADH

Biology (12 decks)

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