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Biology > Chap 7 > Flashcards

Chap 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Amphipithic

A

Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

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2
Q

Vesicles

A
  • Proteins enclosed in a membrane

- used to transport material across membranes

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3
Q

Integral protein

A

Protein within a membrane

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4
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Protein along the outside of a membrane

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5
Q

Ways cells adjust membrane fluidity

A
  • number of hydrogen bonds

- cholesterol within the membrane

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6
Q

Increase membrane fluidity

A
  • More double bonded hydrogen

- cholesterol at low temperature

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7
Q

Osmotic lyses

A
  • water defusing into a cell and bursting it
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8
Q

Plasmyzed

A

-Water defusing out of a cell making it collapse

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9
Q

Channel proteins

2 ex.

A
  • Ion channels

- Aquaporines

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10
Q

Electrogenic pumps

2 ex.

A

Sodium Na+ , Potassium k- pump

Proton H+ , sucrose pump

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11
Q

Membrane potential

A

Charge difference between the cell and outside the cell.

From -50 to -200 millivolts

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12
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The combination of electrical and chemical gradients driving diffusion.

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13
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of taking biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles.

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14
Q

Ligands

A

Any molecule that bonds to a specific receptor of another.

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15
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion of molecules by the fusion of the plasma membrane.

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16
Q

Endocytosis

3 ex.

A

Phagocytosis

Piocytosis

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

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17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of engulfing substances to be used as food

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18
Q

Piocytosis

A

Engulfs extra cellular fluids from vacuoles

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19
Q

Receptor specific Endocytosis

A

Allows cell to engulf large amounts of specific substances.

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of an organisms chemical reaction

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21
Q

Chemical pathway

A

Series of chemical reaction

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22
Q

Catabolic

A

Release of energy by breaking down complex molecules

23
Q

Anabolic

A

Consuming energy to build complex molecules

24
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Study of energy flowing through a living system

25
Enzyme
Mostly proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
26
Energy
Capability to change or do work
27
Conservation of energy
Energy can neither be created or destroyed only transfers or transformed
28
Second law of thermodynamics
Energy transfer or transformation increases entropy (disorder) in the universe
29
-"delta"G
Spontaneous reactions
30
+"delta"G
Not spontaneous, requires input energy
31
"delta"G is a measurement of?
Reaction instability
32
Equilibrium
State of maximum stability
33
Exergenic
Spontaneous reaction, release of energy
34
Endogenic
Not spontaneous, energy input
35
Energy coupling
The use of Exogenic to power Endogenic reactions
36
Phosphorylate
The addition of a phosphate group
37
Catalyst
Chemical agent that speeds up reactions without being destroyed in the process
38
Activation energy
Energy initially added to start reaction
39
Substrates
Reactants
40
Active sight
Region where reactants bind to enzyme
41
ReactNts binding to an enzyme creates
Activation energy
42
Competative inhibitor
Binds to the "active sight" of an enzyme blocking the enzymes specific reactants.
43
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Chemical that binds to another region of an enzyme changing its shape and function
44
Gated channels
Channel proteins that open or close in response to a stimuli.
45
Active transport
Transport proteins that move solutes against the gradient.
46
Sodium potassium pump
Active protein pump that transfers 3 Na+ for 2 K+
47
Proton pump
Electrogenic active protein pump that moves Ha+
48
Oxidation reaction
The loss of electrons from a substance
49
Reduction reaction
The addition of electrons to another substance
50
Reducing agent
Reduces substance by donating an electron
51
Oxidizing agent
Oxidizes by taking an electron
52
Coenzyme
Non-protein enzymes that temporarily carry electrons
53
Cofactors
Non organic parts of enzymes that increase reactivity
54
Glycolysis
The break down of glucose into 2 ATP, 2 pyravates and 2 NADH

Biology (12 decks)

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