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A&P > chap 6 bone and skeletal > Flashcards

chap 6 bone and skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

what is the composition of the skeletal system?

A

bones

joints with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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2
Q

what does a ligament connect?

A

bone to bone

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3
Q

what does a tendon connect?

A

bone to muscle

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartillage

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5
Q

hyaline

A

provides firm support with some flexibility

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6
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

articulate cartilage at ends of bones
costal cartilages
respiratory tract, voice box, nasal

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7
Q

elastic cartilage

A

stretch flexibility

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8
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

ears

epiglottis

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9
Q

fibrocartillage

A

strength from collagen fibers but cushioning ability as well

very thick fibers

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10
Q

where is fibrocartillage found?

A

knee cartilage

vertebrae discs

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11
Q

pad like cartilage of the knee

A

menisci

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12
Q

functions of bone

A 
support
movement
protection 
mineral storage
blood cell formation
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13
Q

classifications of long bone

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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14
Q

long bones

A

functions as levers

ex. humerus

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15
Q

short bones

A

roughly cube shaped
glide motion
ex. ankle and wrist bones

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16
Q

flat bones

A

functions as protection

ex. skull, ribs, sternum

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17
Q

irregular bones

A

things fit into these irregularities

ex hips vertebrae

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18
Q

bone tissue types

A

compact

spongy

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19
Q

compact bone

A

smooth and solid in appearance
outer casings
tougher
more minerals

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20
Q

spongy bones

A

honeycomb

spaces help diffuse force

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21
Q

structure of long bones

A 
diaphysis
epiphysis
blood vessels
medullary cavity
membranes
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22
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of bone

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23
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded end area

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24
Q

why do bones broaden?

A

to relieve stress

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25
Q

epiphyseal line

A

will eventually become a line

growth plate used to elongate bone

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26
Q

red marrow

A

blood cell production

eventually becomes yellow and stops producing

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27
Q

articulate cartilage

A

cushioning

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28
Q

medullary cavity

A

contains bone marrow

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29
Q

membranes

A

used to make bones
periosteum
endosteum

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30
Q

periosteum

A

outside of bones

contains sharpeys fibers

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31
Q

perforating (sharpeys) fibers

A

more concentrated at tendon and ligament

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32
Q

endosteum

A

internal of bone

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33
Q

structure of short, flat, and irregular bones

A

sandwhich - thin outside compact layers with spongy in between

34
Q

what do bone cells excrete?

A

extracellular matrix

responsible for maintaining and remodeling

35
Q

bone cells

A

osteogenics
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

36
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming

deposit bone matrix

37
Q

ossification

A

build up bone matrix

38
Q

functions of bone matrix

A

synthesize collagen

accumulate calcium and phosphate

39
Q

appositional growth

A

osteoblasts of the inner periosteum add a new layer to the preexisting bone
increasing diameter

40
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells trapped in the new matrix

41
Q

function of osteocytes

A

maintain existing matrix

42
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone destroying cells

clast means dissolve

43
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts

A

responsible for the breakdown and reabsorption of bone matrix, constantly occuring
secrete H+ and enzyhmes to breakdown mineralized bone matrix
calcium and phosphate freed

44
Q

how are osteoclasts formed?

A

fusion of stem cells

45
Q

structures of compact bone

A

osteon

circumferential lamellae

46
Q

structure of osteon

A 
lamella
central canal
perforating canals
canliculi
osteocytes
47
Q

lamella

A

ring around osteon

48
Q

central canal

A

blood vessels and nerves

49
Q

perforating canals

A

connect vessels and nerves

50
Q

canaliculi

A

the space between two osteocytes

51
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

go around bone as whole, outside rings

used for bone widening

52
Q

spongy bone

A

less dense, lighter

consists of trabeculae with spaces in between

53
Q

trabeculae

A

interconnecting plates found in spongy bone

54
Q

chemical composition of bone matrix

A

flexibility (collagen) + strength (minerals)

55
Q

how do flat bones of the skull grow?

A

intramembranous
grow from inside point outward
ex. fontanels

56
Q

intramembranous

A

calcification centers develop within a membrane

57
Q

what happens to fontanels?

A

turn into sutures after growth stops

58
Q

model for long bone growth

A

bones shape is formed by hyaline cartillage
osteocytes replace chondrocytes and cartillage bone
active growth areas of cartillage remain in the epiphyses forming growth plate through adolescence

59
Q

what age does epiphyseal line form?

A

18 yrs for female

21 yrs for male

60
Q

factors affecting bone growth

A

nutrition

hormones

61
Q

nutrition that affect bone growth

A

vitamin D
calcium
vitamin C

62
Q

vitamin D deficiencies

A

rickets

osteomalacia

63
Q

rickets

A

childhood demineralization of bone

formative deformities

64
Q

osteomalacia

A

adult form softening of bone

65
Q

calcium is dependent on what?

A

vitamin D absorption

66
Q

vitamin C deficiencies

A

scurvy - lack of normal collagen synthesis
wound healing impaired, loose teeth
impacts fibrosis stage of repair

67
Q

hormones that impact bone growth and remodeling

A

growth hormone
thyroid hormone
sex hormones

68
Q

thyroid hormone does what?

A

increases metabolism -> increase energy -> increase repair

69
Q

sex hormones do what to bone growth

A

testerone prolongs growth at epiphyseal plates

estrogen increases bone mass

70
Q

“a healthy bone is…”

A

a stressed bone

71
Q

clasifications of fractures

A

closed/ simple (single)

open / compound (multiple)

72
Q

how are bone fractures treated?

A

reduction (realignment of the bone)

73
Q

types of fractures

A 
comminuted
compression
depressed
impacted
spiral
greenstick
74
Q

steps of bone repair

A

hematoma is formed
break is splintered by fibrocartillage
fibrocartillage callus is replaced by bony callus
bony callus is remodeled

75
Q

effects of aging

A

highest bone mass is around 30
bones become more brittle
osteoporosis

76
Q

why do bones become brittle as we age?

A

less flexible collagen is synthesized
less mineral matrix is deposited as osteoblasts slow down
women are susceptiple to demineralization after menopause

77
Q

osteoporosis

A

results from the rate of absorption beaing faster than the rate of new bone formation

78
Q

what does the female hormone estrogen do?

A

lessen osteoclast activity
as estrogen levels drop after menopause, some women experience rapid demineralization
women can lose up to 50% bone mass

79
Q

causes of osteoporosis

A

reduction of dietary calcium
overproduction of parathyroid hormone
overactive osteoclasts

80
Q

what is the purpose of the parathyroid hormone

A

causes calcium to move from bone to blood

81
Q

treatments of osteoporosis

A

vit D and calcium
drugs aimed at slowing down osteoclasts
fosomax, HRT (hormone replacement therapy)

82
Q

calcium homeostasis in the blood

A

very tightly controlled by the body within 10% of normal
increase by 30% will cause nervous and muscle cells to become unresponsive
decrease by 35% will cause overexcited neurons and convulsions

A&P (18 decks)

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