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A&P > chap 12 CNS > Flashcards

chap 12 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

where does CNS develop from

A

from embryonic neural tube

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2
Q

what does the neural tube become

A

the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to

A

sensory and autonomic neurons of the PNS

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4
Q

what does the opening of the neural tube become

A

the ventricles

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5
Q

what are the ventricles

A

four chambers within the brain
filled with CSF
continous with each other and with the central canal of the spinal cord

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6
Q

anatomy of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

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7
Q

what is the largest portion of the brain

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

how much does the cerebrum weigh

A

1200 g - females

1400g - males

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9
Q

what is the surface of the cerebrum made of

A

gyri

sulci

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10
Q

what is gyri

A

ridges

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11
Q

what are sulci

A

grooves

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12
Q

surface gyri and sulci of cerebrum

A

central sulcus
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus

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13
Q

what are fissures

A

deep grooves that divide the cerebrum into different regions of the brain

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14
Q

major fissure of cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure

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15
Q

surface lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

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16
Q

actions of frontal lobe

A 
voluntary motor function
motivation
agression
smell
mood
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17
Q

actions of temporal lobe

A

olfactory and auditory input
memory
abstract thought
judgement

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18
Q

actions of parietal lobe

A

integration of sensory information except smell, hearing, and vision

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19
Q

actions of occipital lobe

A

vision and integration of visual input

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20
Q

integration

A

reception and evaluation of information

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21
Q

specialized areas of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe, motor cortex

other lobes, sensory cortex

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22
Q

actions of motor cortex

A

voluntary skilled muscle movements

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23
Q

actions of sensory cortex

A

sensory interpretation and association

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24
Q

layers of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex
cerebral medulla
basal nuclei

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25
Q

describe cerebral cortex

A 
gray matter
1/8 thick
composed of neuron cell bodies
highly convoluted
involved in higher brain functions and motor
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26
Q

why is the cerebral cortex gray

A

made up of cell body, no myelin

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27
Q

what are the higher brain functions

A 
speech
memory
logic
emotion
interpretation of sensory input
consciousness
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28
Q

describe cerebral medulla

A

myelinated nerve tracts inside the gray matter that connect areas of the CNS

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29
Q

example of cerebral medulla

A

corpus callosum

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30
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

connector between hemispheres

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31
Q

why is the cerebral medulla white

A

white matter because there is more myelin

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32
Q

describe basal nuclei

A

internal islands of gray matter dispersed bilaterally in the inferior cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain

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33
Q

what do basal nuclei do

A

important in controlling and modifying motor functions; especially in start & stop movements

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34
Q

what clinical diseases affect the basal nuclei

A

parkinson’s disease

huntington’s disease

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35
Q

what is parkinson’s disease

A

slow tremors

cells that make dopamine are destroyed and dopamine is NT for muscle function

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36
Q

treatment for parkinson’s disease

A

L-dopa

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37
Q

what is huntington’s disease

A

rapid jerky movements
genetic
degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

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38
Q

treatment for huntington’s disease

A

block NTs

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39
Q

describe diencephalon

A

sits on top of the brain stem

enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

the three parts that make up the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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41
Q

describe thalamus

A

surrounds 3rd ventricle

relay station to cerebral cortex for sensory impulses

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42
Q

describe hypothalamus

A

under the thalamus
important ANS center
important part of limbic system

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43
Q

what does hypothalamus regulate

A 
body temp
hunger
thirst
satiety
swallowing
emotions
44
Q

what is attached to the hypothalamus

A

the pituitary gland

45
Q

how do the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus work together

A

the hypothalamus indirectly influences many body functions by sending signals through the pituitary gland to regulate its secretion of hormones

46
Q

what kind of tissue is the pituitary gland

A

endocrine

47
Q

what body functions are regulated from the hormones

A

metabolism
reproduction
responses to stressful stimuli
urine production

48
Q

describe the epithalamus

A

forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle
houses the pineal body
includes choroid plexus

49
Q

define plexus

A

group of blood vessels

50
Q

what does pineal body do

A 
melatonin production (sleep/wake cycle)
mood
51
Q

what does choroid plexus do

A

forms CSF

52
Q

describe the brain stem

A

attaches to the spinal cord

integrates many vital functions

53
Q

what happens if there is minor damage to the brain stem and why

A

can cause death

higher integration areas like the cerebellum can withstand more damage

54
Q

parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

55
Q

describe midbrain

A

composed mostly of tracts of nerve fibers

56
Q

describe pons

A

they include nuclei involved in the control of breathing

57
Q

describe medulla oblongata

A

most inferior part of the brain stem
merges into the spinal cord
includes important ascending and descending nerve tracts

58
Q

what does the medulla oblongata control

A 
autonomic control center for heart rate
blood pressure
breathing
swallowing
vomiting
59
Q

describe cerebellum

A

two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces

60
Q

what does cerebellum do

A

provides involuntary coordination of body movements

plays a role in posture and equilibrium

61
Q

ways that CNS is protected

A 
scalp and skin
skull and vertebral column
meninges
CSF
blood brain barrier
blood supply to the brain
62
Q

what are meninges

A

membranes

63
Q

types of meninges

A

dura mater - superficial
arachnoid mater
pia mater - deepest

64
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A

periosteum

meningeal layer

65
Q

what do the 2 layers of dura mater form

A

dural sinuses

66
Q

describe CSF

A

similar to blood but no red blood cells and much lower protein level
circulated in subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal
clear in color

67
Q

purpose of CSF

A

supplies nutrients
form protective cushion around CNS
removes wastes

68
Q

describe ventricles

A

right and left lateral ventricles
composed of anterior, posterior, and inferior horns
3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and 4th ventricle
apertures

69
Q

what are apertures

A

narrowed openings into subarachnoid space of spinal cord

70
Q

purpose of dural venous sinuses

A

blood and CSF collection for return to circulatory vessels exiting skull

71
Q

describe the blood brain barrier

A

tight junctions between endothelial blood vessel cells cause substances to pass through cells to become CSF
large substances can not utilize the route between cells and are barred from CSF

72
Q

what kind of substances can get through blood brain barrier

A

lipid soluble substances through lipid-soluble transport

ex. nicotine, ethanol, heroin

73
Q

how do water-soluble molecules get across blood brain barrier

A

move across by mediated transport

ex. amino acids and glucose

74
Q

how much O2 is used by brain

A

20% of all oxygen consumption

75
Q

can nerve cells store energy

A

no

they cant store glucose or energy compounds like muscle tissue

76
Q

what happens if there is an interruption of blood flow to the brain

A

pass out or cause irreversible brain damage

77
Q

drugs that can get past blood brain barrier

A

L-Dopa

lipid-soluble drugs

78
Q

clinical applications of brain

A 
meningitis
hydrocephalus
concussion
contusion
degenerative injuries
79
Q

describe hydrocephalus

A

child has fontanels and can expand

a blockage of drainage of CSF

80
Q

what is a concussion

A

disturbance of brain function

shaking

81
Q

what is a contusion

A

bruising of brain, permanent

ex. subdural hematoma

82
Q

some degenerative injuries

A

cerebrovascular accidents

alzheimer’s disease

83
Q

describe CVA

A

death of brain tissue because of blood depravation

84
Q

causes of CVA

A

hemorrhagic

ischemic

85
Q

what is the glutamate cascade

A

during a stroke, oxygen deprived presynaptic neurons release large amounts of glutamate
glutamate binds to postsynaptic neurons and stimulates them to release nitric oxide (NO)
NO diffuses from postsynaptic cells and causes damage to surrounding cells

86
Q

describe alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive degenerative brain disease

characterized by abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons

87
Q

symptons of alzheimer’s disease

A 
memory loss
irritability
confusion
hallucinations
death
88
Q

describe spinal cord

A

nerve pathways to & from the brain

extends from medulla oblongata to the region of T12

89
Q

what is it called below T12

A

cauda equine

90
Q

anatomy of spinal cord

A 
internal butterfly shaped gray matter
exterior white matter
central canal filled with CSF
anterior median fissure
cushioned and protected by meninges
91
Q

gray matter of spinal cord

A

horns

interneurons

92
Q

types of horns

A

dorsal horns
ventral horns
lateral horns

93
Q

exterior white matter

A

ascending & descending myelinated nerve tracts

posterior, anterior, and lateral columns (funiculus)

94
Q

the meninges that protect the spinal cord

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

95
Q

spinal cord dura mater

A

separated from the periosteum by the epidural space

96
Q

epidural space

A

fat

blood vessels

97
Q

where is anesthesia given for child birth

A

epidural space

98
Q

what is the subdural space

A

between the dura and arachnoid mater

can fill with blood as a result of trauma and exert pressure on the brain (subdural hematoma)

99
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
filled with CSF
below L2 injections and spinal tap

100
Q

spinal tap

A

fluid drawn out for lab exam

101
Q

pia mater

A

innermost delicate membrane attached directly to the spinal cord

102
Q

spinal nerves

A

dorsal root

ventral root

103
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory neurons

cell bodies from dorsal root ganglia (outside of cord)

104
Q

ventral root

A

motor neurons

cell bodies in ventral horn of gray matter

105
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

complete
damage to ventral motor roots or anterior horn
no muscle tone maintained (atrophy)

106
Q

spastic paralysis

A

jerky uncontrolled movements

damage to cerebral cortex but spinal reflexes remain intact

107
Q

paraplegic

A

both lower limbs affected

damage to spinal cord at level of T1-L2

A&P (18 decks)

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