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A&P > Chap 4 tissues > Flashcards

Chap 4 tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

fabric or group of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

primary types of tissues

A

epithelium (covering

connective (support)

Muscle (movement)

Nervous (control); signaling

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3
Q

how do you identify tissues?

A
  1. cells
  2. ECF (extracellular fluid); ground substance
  3. fibers
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4
Q

biopsy

A

living tissue

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5
Q

autopsy

A

determing cause of death after death

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6
Q

epithelial tissues

A

sheet of cells that cover all free body surfaces (inside and out) forming an interface between two environments

line internal tubes, form organs

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7
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. protection
  2. absorption
  3. filtration
  4. secretion
  5. sensory reception
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8
Q

what are the special characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. cellularity
  2. specialized contacts
  3. polarity
  4. supported by connective tissue
  5. avascular but innervated
  6. regeneration
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9
Q

cellularity

A

tightly packed cells

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10
Q

desmosomes

A

confers strength

anchoring junctions between cells that provide structural strength

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11
Q

apical surface

A

(free surface) surface that is in contact with air or opening

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12
Q

basal surface

A

(bound surface) usually bound to connective tissue

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13
Q

apical surface special structural features

A

surface area is increased

microvilli

cillia

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14
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions that increase the surface area, which increases absorption and secretion

may create adhesion points for secreted mucus

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15
Q

cillia

A

microtubules (hair like) project from cell membrane as hairs that move in one direction

nicotine decreases cilliary action

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16
Q

lateral cell junctions

A

desmosomes

tight junctions

gap junctions

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17
Q

tight junctions

A

rivets that seal extracellular space

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18
Q

gap junctions

A

allow substances to leak between cells

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19
Q

what makes up the basal surface?

A

basal lamina

basement membrane

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20
Q

basal lamina

A

noncellular, adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial tissue

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21
Q

functions of basal lamina

A

selective filter

scaffold to which epithelial cells can grow upon

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22
Q

basement membrane

A

just beneath the basal lamina

reinforces epithelial sheet and defines epithelial boundary

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23
Q

how to classify epithelium tissue?

A

1st name is the # of cell layers

2nd name is the shape of cells

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24
Q

cell layers

A

simple - one layer

stratified - more than one layer

pseudostratified - looks like multiple but only one

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25
Q

shape of cells

A

squamos - flat; nucleus - flat and disc like

cuboidal - cube shaped; nucleus - large and round

columnar - column like; nucleus - oval

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26
Q

glands

A

one or more epithelial cells organizes to secrete a particular product

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27
Q

secretory pathway

A

RER –> golgi –> vesicles –> exocytosis

28
Q

2 major gland types

A

endocrine glands

exocrine glands

29
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless

secretions are hormones

30
Q

hormones

A

manurfactured to react with a specific target organ and or cells

31
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products to a body surface (skin surface, body cavities, or passages leading to outside)

32
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

single goblet cell secretes mucin

33
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

sweat and oil glands

34
Q

connective tissue classes

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. cartillage
  3. osseous tissue (bone)
  4. blood
35
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  1. binding
  2. protection
  3. insulation
  4. transportation
36
Q

structural elements of connective tissue

A
  1. cells
  2. ECM (extracellular matrix); made up of fibers and ECF
37
Q

connective tissue cell types

A

fibroctye, can become fibroblasts

chondrocyte, (chondro=cartillage)

osteocyte

red blood cells/ white blood cells

38
Q

ECM (extracellular matrix) composed of…

A

ground substance (ECF)

ffibers

39
Q

composition of ECF

A

water

adhesion proteins/ desmosomes

polysaccharide molecules

40
Q

types of fibers

A

collagen fibers (strength)

elastic fibers (recoil)

reticular fibers (fine collagen but give more)

41
Q

muscle tissue function

A

produce movement

contain internal protein microfilaments for contraction

42
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton

cardiac muscle - branched

smooth muscle - organs

43
Q

nervous tissue cell types

A

neuroglia

neurons

44
Q

neuroglia

A

nerve support cells

all kinds of functions to support the neurons.

dont do electrical signals

45
Q

functions of neurons

A

irriatability - can sense and respond

conductivity - send impulses to other areas of body

46
Q

structrual components of neurons

A

dendrites - multiple, reciever

cell body

axon - 1, sender

axonal terminals - endpoint of axon

47
Q

types of tissue repair

A

external defenses

internal defenses

48
Q

external defenses of tissue repair

A

mechanical

chemical

microbiological

49
Q

mechanical defenses of external tissue repair

A

skin

mucus membranes - collects things

50
Q

chemicals defenses of external tissue repair

A

fatty acids - lower pH on skin, bacteria doesnt like acidity

enzymes (lysozyme & pepsin) - digestive enzymes

stomach acid

vaginal secretions

urine

51
Q

internal defenses of tissue repair

A

inflammatory response

immunity repsonse

52
Q

inflammatory response

A

nonspecific - chemicals and WBC

develops quickly

53
Q

immunity response

A

specific - like antibodies

takes longer

54
Q

2 ways tissue repair occurs

A

regeneration

fibrosis

55
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissue with same kind of tissue

56
Q

fibrosis

A

replacement of destroyed tissue with fibrous connective tissue

scar tissue

57
Q

steps of tissue repair

A

inflammation

organization

regeneration and fibrosis

58
Q

Inflammation

A

injured tissue cells, macrophages, mast cells, and other release inflammatory chemicals (histamines)

WBCs (neutrophils & monocytes) and plasma fluid rich in clotting proetines, antibodies and other substances seep into injured area

excess fluid, damaged cells, and other debris are evnetually removed by lymphatic vessels and/or phagocytized by macrophages

59
Q

histamine functions

A

causes capillaries to dilate and become very leaky (permeable)

leads to redness, heat, swelling and pain (pain comes from fluid pressure on nerves)

60
Q

functions of clotting proteins

A

clotting proteins form clot

stops loss of blood

holds edges of wound together

isolates injured area

clot eventually turns to scab after being exposed to air and drying

61
Q

organization

A

starts before inflammatory response is complete

granulation tissue forms

macrophages digest blood clot and collagen fiber deposit continues

once enought matrix has accumulated, fibroblasts revert to resting stage or undergo apoptosis

62
Q

granulation tissue

A

pink tissue found in wounds

fibroblasts secrete growth factors and new collagen fibers bridge the gap and pull wound together

63
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

64
Q

steps of regeneration and fibrosis

A

surface epithelium continues to grow under scab

fibrous tissue beneath matures and contracts until it resembles skin

end result is fully regenerated epithelium and underlying area of scar tissue

the thin white scar is collagen fiber

65
Q

regenerative capacity of different tissues, from best to worst

A
  1. epithelial tissues, bone, areolar, and flood forming tissue
  2. smooth muscles and dense reular connective tissue
  3. skeletal muscle and cartillage
  4. cardiac muscle and nervouse tissue have no regeneration

A&P (18 decks)

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