CHAP 5: FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS Flashcards
thesis or the main idea of an
experiment.
It is a statement about a predicted
relationship between at least two
variables.
Hypothesis
Statement of your predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related
Nonexperimental hypothesis
Some nonexperimental designs that do not typically need a hypothesis:
Phenomenology
Case Studies
Naturalistic observation
Qualitative studies
Surveys of attitudes or opinions
statement that explains the effects of specified antecedent conditions on a measure behavior.
experimental hypothesis
Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis
Testable Statements
Falsifiable Statements
Parsimonious Statements
Fruitful Statements
can be either true or false and can be supported or contradicted.
Synthetic Statements
one that is always true.
Analytic Statement (should be avoided)
statements with elements that oppose each other.
Contradictory statement (should be avoided)
Means for manipulating antecedent conditions and measuring the resulting behavior must exist.
Testable Statement
Statements of research hypotheses must be (disprovable) by the research findings.
Falsifiable Statement
means that the simplest explanation is preferred.
Parsimonious statements
hypothesis must lead to new studies.
Fruitful statement
“As a rule, the framing of hypothesis is the most difficult part of scientific work, and the part where great ability is indispensable. So far, no method has been found which would make ir possible to invent hypothesis by rule.”
Bertrand Russell
The process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles and often used in science and mathematics.
Inductive Model
basic tool of theory building
(by taking bits of empirical data and forming general explanatory schemes to accommodate those facts.)
Induction
process of reasoning from general principles to make predictions about specific instances.
Deductive Model
proposed that the behavior of individuals could be predicted by three simple propositions:
Walster, Walster, and Berscheid
- Individuals will try to optimize their
outcomes - believe they are in
an inequitable relationship, they will
feel distress in direct proportion to
the perceived degree of inequity - more distress they feel, the
harder they will work to restore equity
Through induction, we _ general principles and theories
devise
Through deduction, we rigorously _ the implications of those theories.
test
is the knack of finding things that are not being sought.
Serendipity
May be defined as knowing without reasoning.
Intuition
Accdg to _ intuition is most accurate if it comes from experts. He believes that good hunches are really an unconscious result of our own expertise in an area.
Herbert Simon
the dimension that the experimenter intentionally manipulates; antecedent that is chosen to vary; A.K.A. the
treatments, manipulations, conditions, interventions
Independent Variable (IV)
the particular behavior we expect to change because of our experimental intervention; A.K.A. the outcomes, effects,
results
Dependent variable (DV)
it clearly describes the operations involved in manipulating or measuring the variables in an experiment since the definition
varies from one experiment to another
Operational Definition
Something that cannot be seen must be defined by observable dimensions before we can deal with it scientifically.
Nonconstruct Variables
