CHAP 5: FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS

Question 1

thesis or the main idea of an
experiment.

It is a statement about a predicted
relationship between at least two
variables.

Answer 1

Hypothesis

Question 2

Statement of your predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related

Answer 2

Nonexperimental hypothesis

Question 3

Some nonexperimental designs that do not typically need a hypothesis:

Answer 3

Phenomenology
Case Studies
Naturalistic observation
Qualitative studies
Surveys of attitudes or opinions

Question 4

statement that explains the effects of specified antecedent conditions on a measure behavior.

Answer 4

experimental hypothesis

Question 5

Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis

Answer 5

Testable Statements
Falsifiable Statements
Parsimonious Statements
Fruitful Statements

Question 6

can be either true or false and can be supported or contradicted.

Answer 6

Synthetic Statements

Question 7

one that is always true.

Answer 7

Analytic Statement (should be avoided)

Question 8

statements with elements that oppose each other.

Answer 8

Contradictory statement (should be avoided)

Question 9

Means for manipulating antecedent conditions and measuring the resulting behavior must exist.

Answer 9

Testable Statement

Question 10

Statements of research hypotheses must be (disprovable) by the research findings.

Answer 10

Falsifiable Statement

Question 11

means that the simplest explanation is preferred.

Answer 11

Parsimonious statements

Question 12

hypothesis must lead to new studies.

Answer 12

Fruitful statement

Question 13

“As a rule, the framing of hypothesis is the most difficult part of scientific work, and the part where great ability is indispensable. So far, no method has been found which would make ir possible to invent hypothesis by rule.”

Answer 13

Bertrand Russell

Question 14

The process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles and often used in science and mathematics.

Answer 14

Inductive Model

Question 15

basic tool of theory building

(by taking bits of empirical data and forming general explanatory schemes to accommodate those facts.)

Answer 15

Induction

Question 16

process of reasoning from general principles to make predictions about specific instances.

Answer 16

Deductive Model

Question 17

proposed that the behavior of individuals could be predicted by three simple propositions:

Answer 17

Walster, Walster, and Berscheid

1. Individuals will try to optimize their
   outcomes
2. believe they are in
   an inequitable relationship, they will
   feel distress in direct proportion to
   the perceived degree of inequity
3. more distress they feel, the
   harder they will work to restore equity

Question 18

Through induction, we _ general principles and theories

Answer 18

devise

Question 19

Through deduction, we rigorously _ the implications of those theories.

Answer 19

test

Question 20

is the knack of finding things that are not being sought.

Answer 20

Serendipity

Question 21

May be defined as knowing without reasoning.

Answer 21

Intuition

Question 22

Accdg to _ intuition is most accurate if it comes from experts. He believes that good hunches are really an unconscious result of our own expertise in an area.

Answer 22

Herbert Simon

Question 23

the dimension that the experimenter intentionally manipulates; antecedent that is chosen to vary; A.K.A. the
treatments, manipulations, conditions, interventions

Answer 23

Independent Variable (IV)

Question 24

the particular behavior we expect to change because of our experimental intervention; A.K.A. the outcomes, effects,
results

Answer 24

Dependent variable (DV)

Question 25

it clearly describes the operations involved in manipulating or measuring the variables in an experiment since the definition
varies from one experiment to another

Answer 25

Operational Definition

Question 26

Something that cannot be seen must be defined by observable dimensions before we can deal with it scientifically.

Answer 26

Nonconstruct Variables