CHAP 4: NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Question 1

Used to study behaviors in
natural settings

explore unique or rare
occurrences

explore unique or rare
occurrences

Answer 1

Non-experimental Research Methods

Question 2

allows us to make causal statements

behavior observed across treatment
conditions were actually caused by
differences in treatments

Answer 2

Internal Validity

Question 3

generalizability or applicability to
people and situations outside

Answer 3

External Validity

Question 4

Truth in the study: Internal Validity
Truth in _: External Validity

Answer 4

Real life

Question 5

The degree of manipulation of antecedent
conditions

Non expe
Expe

The degree of imposition of units
the extent to which the researcher limits the
responses a subject

Answer 5

Describing Research
Activities

Low in manipulation
High in manipulation

Question 6

The description of an individual’s immediate experience Instead of looking at behaviors external to us, we begin with personal experience as a source of data

Answer 6

Phenomenology

Question 7

noticed that during twilight red seems black but blue stayed within hues and eventually led to understanding of sensitivity to colors of
different wavelengths

Answer 7

Purkinje effect

Question 8

A descriptive record of a single
individual’s experiences, or
behavior,

Answer 8

Case Studies

Question 9

Case Study: 5 Major Purposes

Answer 9

1. Source of inferences
2. Source for developing therapy techniques
   Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim) and the Talking cure
3. Allows study of rare phenomena
4. Provide exceptions, or counterinstances, to accepted
   ideas, theories, or practices
5. Have persuasive and motivational value

Question 10

Nonexperimental approaches used in the field
or in real-life settings

Answer 10

Field Studies

Question 11

the technique of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings

Answer 11

Naturalistic Observation Studies

Question 12

behavioral indicators can be observed without the
subject’s knowledge

Answer 12

Unobtrusive measures

Question 13

The researcher actually becomes part of the group
being studied

Answer 13

Participant-Observer Studies

Question 14

A descriptive method in which already existing
records are reexamined for a new purpose

Answer 14

Archival Studies

Question 15

useful way of obtaining information about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors simply by asking

Answer 15

Survey Research

Question 16

gather data about experiences, feelings, thoughts, and motives that are hard to observe directly

Answer 16

Survey Research

Question 17

useful in collecting data about sensitive subjects because they can be given. anonymously so people will answer more honestly

Answer 17

Survey Research

Question 18

useful for making inferences about behavior but they do not allow for testing hypotheses about causal relationships directly

Answer 18

Survey Research

Question 19

low in manipulation of antecedent conditions; range from low to high imposition of units because responses can be limited (yes or no questions) or free response (for essay questions)

Answer 19

Survey Research

Question 20

WO MOST COMMON TYPES OF SURVEYS:

Answer 20

Written Questionnaires and Interviews

Question 21

handed out or sent through mail

Answer 21

Written questionnaires

Question 22

face-to-face or on the phone; in person interviews can be individual or group

Answer 22

Interviews

Question 23

Constructing Survey Steps:

Answer 23

1. Map out your research objectives, making them as specific as possible
2. Design the survey items (close or open ended ques)
   3.

Question 24

the process of quantifying open question answers; similar to coding behaviors using systematic observation techniques

Answer 24

Content analysis

Question 25

questions that ask for responses about two (or more) different ideas in the same questions; these should be avoided

Answer 25

Double-barreled questions