CHAP 4: NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Flashcards
Used to study behaviors in
natural settings
explore unique or rare
occurrences
explore unique or rare
occurrences
Non-experimental Research Methods
allows us to make causal statements
behavior observed across treatment
conditions were actually caused by
differences in treatments
Internal Validity
generalizability or applicability to
people and situations outside
External Validity
Truth in the study: Internal Validity
Truth in _: External Validity
Real life
The degree of manipulation of antecedent
conditions
Non expe
Expe
The degree of imposition of units
the extent to which the researcher limits the
responses a subject
Describing Research
Activities
Low in manipulation
High in manipulation
The description of an individual’s immediate experience Instead of looking at behaviors external to us, we begin with personal experience as a source of data
Phenomenology
noticed that during twilight red seems black but blue stayed within hues and eventually led to understanding of sensitivity to colors of
different wavelengths
Purkinje effect
A descriptive record of a single
individual’s experiences, or
behavior,
Case Studies
Case Study: 5 Major Purposes
- Source of inferences
- Source for developing therapy techniques
Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim) and the Talking cure - Allows study of rare phenomena
- Provide exceptions, or counterinstances, to accepted
ideas, theories, or practices - Have persuasive and motivational value
Nonexperimental approaches used in the field
or in real-life settings
Field Studies
the technique of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings
Naturalistic Observation Studies
behavioral indicators can be observed without the
subject’s knowledge
Unobtrusive measures
The researcher actually becomes part of the group
being studied
Participant-Observer Studies
A descriptive method in which already existing
records are reexamined for a new purpose
Archival Studies
useful way of obtaining information about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors simply by asking
Survey Research
gather data about experiences, feelings, thoughts, and motives that are hard to observe directly
Survey Research
useful in collecting data about sensitive subjects because they can be given. anonymously so people will answer more honestly
Survey Research
useful for making inferences about behavior but they do not allow for testing hypotheses about causal relationships directly
Survey Research
low in manipulation of antecedent conditions; range from low to high imposition of units because responses can be limited (yes or no questions) or free response (for essay questions)
Survey Research
WO MOST COMMON TYPES OF SURVEYS:
Written Questionnaires and Interviews
handed out or sent through mail
Written questionnaires
face-to-face or on the phone; in person interviews can be individual or group
Interviews
Constructing Survey Steps:
- Map out your research objectives, making them as specific as possible
- Design the survey items (close or open ended ques)
3.
the process of quantifying open question answers; similar to coding behaviors using systematic observation techniques
Content analysis
questions that ask for responses about two (or more) different ideas in the same questions; these should be avoided
Double-barreled questions
