Chap 4 Historical Origins and Evolution Flashcards
Archaeologists found an 1800 B. C. farm bulletin in _____ that told farmers how to sow their crops, how to irrigate, how to deal with field mice, and how to harvest their crops.
Iraq
The word propaganda appeared in the _______ century, when the_______ set up its Congregatio de Propaganda Fide—“ Congregation for Propagating the Faith.”
seventeenth, Catholic Church
When was the first public relations pamphlet publish, and what was its name?
1643, New England First Fruits
What techniques did the revolutionaries bring to the origins of PR? (6)
- The necessity of an organization to implement actions made possible by a public relations of Correspondence
- The use of symbols
- The use of slogans
- Staged events that crystallize unstructured public opinion
- The importance of getting your side of a story to the public first
- The necessity for a sustained saturation campaign by using all possible channels
What is an example of a slogan used by the revolutionaries?
“ Taxation without representation is tyranny”
What is an example of a symbol used by the revolutionaries?
the Liberty Tree
What is an example of a staged event used by the revolutionaries?
the Boston Tea Party
What is an example of getting your message to the audience first used by the revolutionaries?
the Boston Massacre
What people do American public relations origins come from?
Samuel Adams and the revolutionaries
Who created “Common Sense”
Thomas Paine
What is an example of revolutionaries “swaying early adopters”
Samuel Adams and “ The Committees of Correspondence”
What is an example of revolutionaries “The White Paper”
Thomas Paine and “ Common Sense”
What is an example of revolutionaries’ Product Launch Press Release
Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence
What written work is considered part of the first national political campaign?
The Federalist Papers
Who wrote the federalist papers?
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison
Why did one historian claim Alexander Hamiliton was responsible for “history’s finest job in public relations”?
He gained national support for and acceptance of the Constitution.
Early developments in public relations are directly tied to the power struggles evoked by ______ _______ _______.
political reform movements
Who was president Jackson’s ghostwriter/publicist/counselor?
Amos Kendall
Inventions where early public relations was used attempts to gain acceptance AND utilization of innovation.. (3)
The invention of telegraph, telephone and automobiles.
Who created the myth of Davy Crockett and for what purpose?
Mathew St. Clair Clarke, press agent for Biddle and the US Bank, in an effort to defeat the election of president Jackson.
“Today’s patterns of promotion and press agentry in the world of show business were drawn, cut, and stitched by ….”
Phineas Taylor Barnum
Who directed the Burlington Railroad’s publicity campaign that was launched in 1858, to lure people westward?
Charles Russell Lowell
This person aided Edison in the launch of a scare campaign against the Westinghouse alternating current system.
Samuel Insull
World War I, President Woodrow Wilson created the “Committee on _____ ______.” George Creel headed a staff of young propagandists, some of who would later establish _____ ______ _____.
Public Information, public relations firms.
During those early years, public relations took the form of ___-way persuasive communication designed to ____ _____— often referred to simply as “ propaganda.”
one, influence others, “propaganda.”
4 Eras of Public relations (in order)
1) public be damned
2) public be informed
3) mutual understanding
4) mutual adjustment
Which era introduced lessons of behavioral science to PR?
era of mutual understanding
What era is defined by muckraking journalists countered by defensive and of far- reaching political reforms promoted by Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson through the use of public relations.
Seedbed Era
What period is defined by dramatic demonstrations of the organized promotion to kindle a fervent patriotism: to sell war bonds, enlist soldiers, and raise millions of dollars for welfare.
World War I Period
What era is described as the era when the principles and practices of publicity learned in the war were put to use promoting products, earning acceptance for changes wrought by the war- accelerated technology, winning political battles, and raising millions of dollars for charitable causes.
Booming Twenties Era
What era was dominated by FDR and is counselor Louis McHenry Howe with events profound and far reaching in their impact on the practice of public relations.
Roosevelt Era and World War II War II
What is the era that brought widespread acceptance of public relations— strong professional associations, the beginnings of public relations education, and the emergence of television as a powerful communications medium.
Postwar Era
In what period were there protests against environmental pollution, racial and gender discrimination, concentration of special interest wealth and power, the Vietnam War, governmental abuse of the public trust, and consequently, an increasing recognition of social responsibility and more responsive organizations.
Period of Protest and Empowerment
What is the Age described by new technology impacting most aspects of life; multiplying communication channels— including social media; and a world economy that features global competition, interdependence, instanta-neous interaction, and terrorism.
Age of Digital Communication and Globalization
Who worked with Theodore N. Vail in building the public relations program of American Telephone and Telegraph Company?
James Drummond Ellsworth
Profoundly influenced the evolution of press agentry and publicity into public relations. Going against the prevailing feeling on Wall Street that “ the public be damned,” _____ _____ ______’s declaration made it clear that the public was no longer to be ignored, in the traditional manner of business, nor fooled, in the continuing manner of the press agent.
Ivy Ledbetter Lee
Ivy Ledbetter Lee’s “handouts” provided to press are the origin of what today?
press releases
Who was the head of Woodrow Wilson’s Committee on Public Information ( CPI)— often referred to as the “ Creel Committee.” and what was their job?
Wilson appointed George Creel chairman. The CPI was charged with mobilizing public opinion in support of the war effort and Wilson’s peace aims in a country in which opinion was divided when war was declared.
Created Crystalizing Public Opinion and taught the first public relations course in NYC
Edward L. Bernays
First black to be accredited by the PRSA and to serve as president of a PRSA chapter
Joseph Varney Baker
Wife and husband, formed the first agency to specialize in political campaigns
Leone Baxter and Clem Whitaker
