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BACTERIOLOGY (finals) > Chap 34-BOOK (Part 1) > Flashcards

Chap 34-BOOK (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Colorful names for Acute diarrheal illness

A

Montezuma’s revenge, Delhi belly, Greek gallop, Rome runs, Aztec two-step, and back door sprint

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2
Q

Alteration in a normal bowel movement characterized by an increase in the water content, volume, or frequency of stools.

A

Diarrhea

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3
Q

Having more than 3 bowel per day

A

Diarrhea

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4
Q

Defined as symptoms lasting less than 14 days. If symptoms last longer than 14 day

A

Acure diarrhea/Persistent diarrhea

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5
Q

Diarrhea that lasts longer than 30 days,

A

Chronic diarrhea

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6
Q

Noninfectious cause of diarrhea

A

Laxative use, tumor-related, malabsorption, inflammatory bowel disease, and problems with motility caused by hyperthyroidism, irritable bowel syndrome, or surgical reduction of the gut.

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7
Q

Normal gastric pH

A

Lower than 4

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8
Q

Motion in the small intestine

A

Peristalsis

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9
Q

Colon has what immunoglobulin

A

IgA

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10
Q

Number of organisms that must be ingested to cause a diarrheal illness in 50% of exposed individuals.

A

Median infectious dose (ID50)

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11
Q

The absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions

A

Achlorhydria

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12
Q

Usually caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. This disease has a short incubation period (usually between 5 and 15 days after arrival) and normally lasts from 1 to 5 days

A

Traveller’s diarrhea

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13
Q

If a diarrheal illness develops weeks after a traveler returns home, a parasitic infection such as

A

G. lamblia or E. histolytica

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14
Q

If the patient is currently taking or has recently received antibiotics this organism is an important consideration

A

C. difficile

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15
Q

Signs suggestive of dehydration

A

Sunken appearance to the eyes
Dry oral membranes
Loss of skin resiliency known as skin tenting
Decrease blood pressure
Increase heart rate

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16
Q

Lack of fever and absence of blood or pus in the stool suggests an

A

Enterotoxin-Mediated Diarrhea

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17
Q

The preformed toxin is already present in the ingested food. Because toxin can act proximally in the bowel (the small intestine), the incubation period is relatively short, usually less than 12 hour

A

Enterotoxin-Mediated Diarrhea

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18
Q

Result of stool examination for Enterotoxin-Mediated Diarrhea

A

Negative for red and white blood cells

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19
Q

Organism that has the largest percentage of cases of diarrhea in travelers to underdeveloped areas

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

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20
Q

Other organisms responsible for enterotoxin-mediated disease

A

Vibrio cholerae
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium perfringens
Bacillus cereus.

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21
Q

Culprit/source of infection can often be traced to food handlers

A

S. aureus

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22
Q

Small, localized abscesses in the nail beds known

A

Paronychias

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23
Q

Noninvasive parasitic invasion that produce afebrile diarrhea

A

Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, or infection with Cystoisospora belli

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24
Q

Organism that caused diarrhea mediated by invasion of the bowel mucosal surface

A

Salmonella spp.
Campylobacter spp
Shigella spp.
some E. coli strains
Entamoeba histolytica

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25
Q

Organisms that invade the bowel mucosa cause an inflammatory response, characterized by the presence of fecal leukocytes, fever and leukocytosis

A

Diarrhea Mediated by Invasion of the Bowel Mucosal Surface

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26
Q

T/F: Patient may present with true dysentery syndrome, characterized by gross blood and pus in DMIBMS

A

True

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27
Q

Most common invasive enteric organism that causes Diarrhea Mediated by Invasion of Full-Bowel Thickness with Lymphatic Spread

A

Salmonella Typhi and Yersinia enterocolitica.

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28
Q

Incubation period for these infections (Full bowel thickness with Lymphatic spread) is about

A

1 to 3 days

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29
Q

Salmonella Typhi and Yersinia enterocolitica invade the bowel wall, causing

A

bacteremia, and mesenteric lymphadenitis which can be mistaken for appendicitis

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30
Q

Present in the stool for Full bowel thickness with Lymphatic spread

A

Red blood cells and fecal leukocytes

31
Q

These viruses infect cells of the villi of the small intestine, leading to epithelial atrophy and proliferation of cells with secretory capacity.

A

Rotavirus

32
Q

The most common cause of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years

A

Rotavirus

33
Q

Implicated in many illnesses, ranging from the common cold and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) to infectious diarrhea

A

Enteric Adenovirus

34
Q

Two adenovirus serotypes, most frequently associated with infectious diarrhea

A

Serotype 40 and 41

35
Q

Characterized by 32 cup-shaped depressions along the surface

A

Calicivirus

36
Q

Theese viruses cause an acute, self-limited diarrheal illness associated with vomiting and low- grade fever.
The virus could be transmit- ted by the aerosolization of vomitus.

A

Norwalk and Sapovirus

37
Q

Small, 28-nm virus that appears as a five- or six- pointed star is the morphology at alkaline pH; suggest that an osmotic diarrhea may develop from inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina propria and intestinal villus atrophy.

A

Astrovirus

38
Q

Most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in the world. These organisms are developing significant resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat diarrheal illnesses

A

C. jejuni

39
Q

Life-threatening neurologic disease, and reactive arthritis are complications of infection by C. jejuni.

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

40
Q

often the source of the infection of C. jejuni

A

Contaminated poultry

41
Q

Preferred antibiotic for C. jejuni because of the increasing rates of fluoroquinolone resistance

A

Macrolide antibiotic

42
Q

caused by nontyphoidal Sal-
monella spp. that can lead to gastroenteritis through the ingestion of contaminated meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and aquaculture- farmed fish and shellfish.

A

Gastroenteritis and Food poisoning

43
Q

Animal host for nontyphoidal salmonella serotyoes

A

Birds and reptiles

44
Q

causes the most severe form of enteric fever, typhoid fever.

A

Salmonella typhi

45
Q

Bacteria survive in the host immune cells, and are therefore termed

A

Intracellular pathogens

46
Q

Responsible for a diarrheal illness characterized by gross blood and pus.

A

Shigella spp.
(S. sonnei , S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii)

47
Q

Most easily communicable bacterial diarrheal pathogens

A

Shigella Spp.

48
Q

Shigella bacteria can produce several toxins, including the _ which can have cytotoxic, enterotoxic and neurotoxic effects

A

Shiga toxin

49
Q

Typically used as initial empiric therapy when antibiotics are required for Shigella spp.

A

Fluoroquinolones

50
Q

Produce adhesins to bind to intestinal mucosa and enterotoxins, which are heat-stable (ST) or heat-labile (LT)

A

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

51
Q

similar to V. cholerae toxin

A

LT toxin

52
Q

Binds to guanylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels and active efflux of water and electrolytes from the intestinal cells

A

ST toxin

53
Q

Produce an infection similar to Shigella. Progress to an invasive-type diarrheal syndrome, with fever, abdominal cramping, and bloody stools.

A

Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)

54
Q

_atients can develop hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by hemolytic anemia, low platelet count, and kidney failure.

A

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)

55
Q

E. coli strain that is the principal cause of EHEC

A

O157:H7

56
Q

Referred to as the enteroadherent E. coli in some classification schemes. These organisms commonly affect children in nurseries and daycare center

A

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)

57
Q

Also adhere to the intestinal surface but in a more clumped or aggregative fashion.

A

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

58
Q

The causative agent of cholera.

A

V. cholerae

59
Q

Subunit of V. cholerae that permit attachment to the small bowel mucosa

A

B subunits

60
Q

Subunit of V. cholerae that enters the cell.

A

A subunits

61
Q

Serogroup that causes of epidemic cholera

A

Serogroups O1 and O139

62
Q

Most common virbrio spp. can have fever and evidence of fecal inflammation, sug- gesting that there is some potential for mucosal invasion

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

63
Q

Most virulent of all noncholera vibrios, causing an often fulminant illness characterized by sepsis and bullous skin lesions in patients with a recent ingestion of shellfish

A

V. vulnificus

64
Q

Responsible for bubonic plague

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

65
Q

Causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

A

C. difficile

66
Q

Was initially reported in patients receiving clindamycin

A

C. difficile–associated disease (CDAD)

67
Q

Epidemic strain of C. difficile that has increased virulence, which is attributed to the overexpression of toxin-encoding genes producing larger amounts of toxins, which causes a more aggressive form of the disease when compared with the nonepidemic strains.

A

BI/NAP1/027

68
Q

Mainstay therapy for C. difficile

A

Metronidazole and Vancomycin

69
Q

Best known for causing systemic disease, such as meningitis

A

L. monocytogenes

70
Q

Associated with peptic ulcer disease

A

H. pylori

71
Q

This testing is based on the organism’s high urease activity. 13C- or 14C-labeled urea will, when ingested, produce labeled CO2 in the patient’s breath if the organism is present.

A

Breath testing

72
Q

Has been associated with a watery diarrhea

A

Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides

73
Q

Associated with fish and shellfish, is a rare cause of gastroenteritis.

A

Edwardsiella tarda

BACTERIOLOGY (finals) (7 decks)

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