Chap 31

Question 1

Lymphatics resemble veins except that lymphatics:

a. have thinner walls.
b. contain more valves.
c. contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course.
d. All of the above are correct.

Answer 1

d.All of the above are correct.

Question 2

All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system except:

a. transporting in terstitial fluid back to the bloodstream.
b. providing immunological defenses.
c. transporting absorbed fats from the intestine to the blood.
d. filtering metabolic wastes.

Answer 2

d. filtering metabolic wastes.

Question 3

The thymus undergoes involution during:

a. puberty.
b. old age.
c. fetal development.
d. early childhood.

Answer 3

b. old age.

Question 4

Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the:

a. inferior vena cava.
b. subclavian veins.
c. jugular vein.
d. superior vena cava.

Answer 4

b. subclavian veins.

Question 5

The percentage of the total proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue fluid on a daily basis is:

a. 40%.
b. 70%.
c. 50%.
d. 60%.

Answer 5

c. 50%.

Question 6

_____ of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the axillary region.

a. More than 85%
b. Less than 50%
c. Less than 25%
d. More than 95%

Answer 6

a. More than 85%

Question 7

In advanced old age, the thymus may be largely replaced by:

a. fat.
b. cartilage.
c. scar tissue.
d. protein.

Answer 7

a. fat.

Question 8

The thymus is located in the:

a. neck.
b. right hypochondriac region.
c. mediastinum.
d. left hypochondriac region.

Answer 8

c. mediastinum.

Question 9

The spleen ____ during infectious diseases and ____ in old age.

a. atrophies; hypertrophies
b. hypertrophies; atrophies
c. secretes hormones; stops functioning
d. None of the above is correct.

Answer 9

b. hypertrophies; atrophies

Question 10

Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?

a. Platelet destruction
b. White blood cell destruction
c. Reservoir for blood
d. Hematopoiesis

Answer 10

b. White blood cell destruction

Question 11

Adenitis is:

a. an infected adenoid.
b. an infected lymph node.
c. tissue swelling.
d. none of the above.

Answer 11

b. an infected lymph node.

Question 12

Which tonsils are known as adenoids when they become swollen?

a. Palatine
b. Pharyngeal
c. Lingual
d. Sublingual

Answer 12

b. Pharyngeal

Question 13

Which would you predict would occur if a disease blocked the flow of lymph?

a. Hematopoiesis would not occur.
b. The liver might become enlarged or lymphedema may occur.
c. The affected extremity would begin to shrink and become useless.
d. Lymphokinesis would increase.

Answer 13

b. The liver might become enlarged or lymphedema may occur.

Question 14

What are the primary organs?

Answer 14

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 15

What are the secondary orgains?

Answer 15

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

Question 16

What are the four tonsils and their location?

Answer 16

Palatine: each side of the throat
Pharyngeal: known as adenoids. posterior opening of the nasal cavity
Lingual: near base of the tongue
Tubal: near the opening of the auditory (eustachian) tube

Question 17

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Answer 17

a. Maintains fluid balance in the body; lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from interstitial spaces and return it the systemic venous system
b. Carries out immune responses: lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells
c. Transports dietary lipids: lymphatic vessels transport lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (such as A, D, E, K) absorbed by the GI tract; these eventually end up in the blood
d. Lymph doesn’t clot as there are no platelets

Question 18

Where do Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels start

Answer 18

b. As blood flows through the cardiovascular system, a plasma-like fluid seeps out of blood vessels (due to pressure) and enters the interstitial space (space between blood vessels and body cells)
i. There is a flow not a circulation
g. These drain into the left and right subclavian veins, respectively
h. They have blind start (not connected to anything else) in interstitial spaces - this is why if there something wrong there is often swelling

Question 19

Functions of the spleen

Answer 19

i) Defense: macrophages remove and destroy microorganisms from the blood
ii) Tissue Repair: monocytes mobilize and migrate to injury sites to assist in tissue healing, e.g., post MI or post CVA
iii) Hematopoiesis: RBS development during fetal development; monocytes and lymphocytes complete development and are activated
iv) RBC and Platelet Destruction: Worn out RBCs are destroyed, iron and globin are recycled back to the liver and bone marrow. Imperfect platelets are phagocytized
v) Blood reservoir: Volume of blood in the spleen can be mobilized to respond to emergency through sympathetic stimulation, e.g., during hemorrhage

Question 20

• Fun facts about Lymph nodes

Answer 20

• most important part in fighting an infection
• Only one vessel leaves in while several afferents go in
• afferent vessels come into the nodes to help slow down the process of filtration so lymph nodes inside have the opportunity to attack microbes and foreign cells, but usually, one efferent vessel leaving

Question 21

What is Lymphedema, what is the most common, and why

Answer 21

Most common in the legs on a temp base -
Due to gravity and standing for too long
Breast cancer for chronic conditions
In the nodes under the armpits
They are removed so they don’t spread

Question 22

What is the function of tonsils

Answer 22

Protect against bacteria that may invade tissues around the opening between nasal and oral cavities

bacteria are trapped in tonsillar crypts and put in close contact with the immune system

Question 23

What are the functions of Lymph Nodes

Answer 23

1. Function: act as a filter
   
   1. Mechanical filtration: materials such as bacteria are physically stopped
   2. Biological filtration: foreign materials are phagocytized/destroyed
2. Lymph nodes may be infected or injured by pathogens such as HIV or tumor cells

Question 24

The function of the Thymus

Answer 24

1. Function: immature T cells migrate from the red bone marrow to the thymus where they mature
2. Thymus is very large in infants; after puberty and full maturity, the functional portion of the gland is reduced (process called involution)
3. Some T cells can continue to mature in the thymus throughout an individual’s lifetime, but this number decreases with age