Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology I > Chap 3: Parts of the cell > Flashcards

Chap 3: Parts of the cell Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the cell

A

plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The cell

A

is the basic living, structural, and functional unit of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
  2. Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
  3. Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
  4. Participates in intercellular signaling.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the lipid bilayer

A

the basic structural framework of the plasma membrane, two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules—phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

amphipathic (am-fē-PATH-ik) molecules,

A

which means that they have both polar and nonpolar parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Integral proteins

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

peripheral proteins (pe-RIF-er-al)

A

are not as firmly embedded in the membrane. They are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ion channels,

A

pores or holes that specific ions,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the ligand of that receptor.

A

A specific molecule that binds to a receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

carriers,

A

selectively moving a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

linkers

A

anchor proteins in the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

selective permeability

A

Plasma membranes permit some substances to pass more readily than others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A concentration gradient

A

is the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

electrical gradient

A

is the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

concentration gradient & electrical gradient make up the electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

passive processes,

A

a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

active processes,

A

cellular energy is used to drive the substance “uphill” against its concentration or electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Simple diffusion

A

is a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

facilitated diffusion,

A

a substance moves across the lipid bilayer aided by a channel protein or a carrier protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion can cross the plasma membrane by a passive process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Channels

A

are integral membrane proteins that allow specific, small, inorganic ions to pass across the membrane by facilitated diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Carriers

A

are integral membrane proteins that undergo changes in shape in order to move substances across the membrane by facilitated diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osmosis (oz-MŌ-sis)

A

is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

tonicity (tō-NIS-i-tē; tonic = tension)

A

is a measure of the solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

isotonic solution

A

A solution that has the same salt concentration as cells and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Active transport

A

is considered an active process because energy is required for carrier proteins to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

In primary active transport, energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein, which “pumps” a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pumps.

A

carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport are often called

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sodium–potassium pumps

A

maintain a low intracellular concentration of sodium ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

In secondary active transport, the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

imports materials that are needed by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Exocytosis

A

– membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Transcytosis

A

– a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

is a vital defense mechanism that helps protect the body from disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bulk-phase endocytosis

A

Most body cells carry out bulk-phase endocytosis, the nonselective uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

cytosol (intracellular fluid)

A

is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles

38
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • is a network of three types of protein filaments—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules—that extend throughout the cytoplasm
    1. Serves as a scaffold that helps determine a cell’s shape and organize the cellular contents.
    2. Aids movement of organelles within the cell, of chromosomes during cell division, and whole cells such as phagocytes.
39
Q

Microfilaments (mī-krō-FIL-a-ments)

A

are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. They are composed of the proteins actin and myosin and are most prevalent at the edge of a cell

40
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

As their name suggests, intermediate filaments are thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules

41
Q

Microtubules (mī-krō-TOO-būls′),

A

the largest of the cytoskeletal components are long, unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the nonmotile,

42
Q

microvilli (mī-krō-VIL-ī; micro- = small; -villi = tufts of hair; singular is microvillus),

A

microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane tubulin

43
Q

organelles

A

are specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes, and they perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction

44
Q

centrosome (SEN-trō-sōm), or

A

microtubule organizing center, located near the nucleus, consists of two components: a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix

45
Q

pericentriolar matrix (per′-ē-sen′-trē-Ō-lar),

A

which contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of the protein tubulin

46
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

Microtubules are the dominant components of cilia and flagella, which are motile projections of the cell surface.

47
Q

Cilia (SIL-ē-a = eyelashes; singular is cilium)

A

are numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

48
Q

Ribosomes (RĪ-bō-sōms; -somes = bodies)

A

are the sites of protein synthesis. The name of these tiny structures reflects their high content of one type of ribonucleic acid (ribosomal RNA, or rRNA), but each ribosome also includes more than 50 proteins.

49
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum

A

is a network of membrane-enclosed sacs or tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and connect to the nuclear envelope.

50
Q

Golgi complex

A

Most of the proteins synthesized by ribosomes attached to rough ER are ultimately transported to other regions of the cell. The first step in the transport pathway is through an organelle

51
Q

cisterns,

A

small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges that resemble a stack of pita bread

52
Q

Lysosomes

A

are membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex

53
Q

autophagy,

A

the digestion of worn-out organelles.

54
Q

autolysis,

A

the digestion of an entire cell

55
Q

autophagosome

A

the organelle to be digested is enclosed by a membrane derived from the ER to create a vesicle

56
Q

peroxisomes

A

Another group of organelles similar in structure to lysosomes

57
Q

proteasomes

A

The continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins is the function of tiny barrel-shaped structures consisting of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core

58
Q

mitochondria

A

they generate most of the ATP through aerobic (oxygen-requiring) respiration, the mitochondrion is referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell

59
Q

apoptosis

A

the orderly, genetically programmed death of a cell

60
Q

The nucleus

A 
contains most of the cell’s genes, which are located on chromosomes
Functions of the Nucleus 
1.Controls cellular structure. 
2.Directs cellular activities. 
3.Produces ribosomes in nucleoli.
61
Q

nucleoli

A

Inside the nucleus are one or more spherical bodies, that function in producing ribosomes.

62
Q

chromatin

A

the complex of DNA, proteins, and some RNA

63
Q

genome

A

total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

64
Q

A chromosome

A

is a highly coiled and folded DNA molecule that is combined with protein molecules.

65
Q

nucleosome (NOO-klē-ō-sōm)

A

that consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of eight proteins called histones

66
Q

histones,

A

which help organize the coiling and folding of DNA

67
Q

linker DNA

A

The string between the beads, which holds adjacent nucleosomes together.

68
Q

chromatin fiber

A

cells that are not dividing, another histone promotes coiling of nucleosomes into a larger-diameter, which then folds into large loops.

69
Q

gene expression,

A

a gene’s DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein

70
Q

transcription,

A

the information encoded in a specific region of DNA is transcribed (copied) to produce a specific molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

71
Q

translation,

A

the RNA attaches to a ribosome, where the information contained in RNA is translated into a corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule

72
Q

During transcription,

A
  • which occurs in the nucleus, the genetic information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence of codons
    1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the synthesis of a protein.
    2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes.
    3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation.
73
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

they contain similar genes arranged in the same (or almost the same) order

74
Q

diploid (2n) cells

A

somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes

75
Q

interphase (IN-ter-fāz)

A

the cell replicates its DNA

76
Q

G1 phase

A

is the interval between the mitotic phase and the S phase

77
Q

G2 phase

A

is the interval between the S phase and the mitotic phase

78
Q

In somatic cell division,

A

a single starting cell divides to produce two identical diploid cells.

79
Q

mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle,

A

which results in the formation of two identical cells, consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to form two identical cells.

80
Q

Aging

A

is a normal process accompanied by a progressive alteration of the body’s homeostatic adaptive responses

81
Q

Gerontology

A

is the scientific study of the process and problems associated with aging.

82
Q

telomeres (TĒ-lō-mērz),

A

specific DNA sequences found only at the tips of each chromosome

83
Q

Carcinogenesis (kar′-si-nō-JEN-e-sis)

A

is a multistep process of cancer development in which as many as 10 distinct mutations may have to accumulate in a cell before it becomes cancerous

84
Q

Anaplasia (an′-a-PLĀ-zē-a; an- = not; -plasia = to shape)

A

The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies.

85
Q

Atrophy (AT-rō-fē; a- = without; -trophy = nourishment)

A

A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away.

86
Q

Dysplasia (dis-PLĀ-zē-a; dys- = abnormal)

A

Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to neoplasia (tumor formation, usually malignant) or revert to normal if the irritation is removed.

87
Q

Hyperplasia (hī-per-PLĀ-zē-a; hyper- = over)

A

Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division.

88
Q

Hypertrophy (hī-PER-trō-fē)

A

Increase in the size of cells without cell division.

89
Q

Metaplasia (met′-a-PLĀ-zē-a; meta- = change)

A

The transformation of one type of cell into another.

90
Q

Progeny (PROJ-e-nē; pro- = forward; -geny = production)

A

Offspring or descendants.

91
Q

Proteomics (prō′-tē-Ō-miks; proteo- = protein)

A

The study of the proteome (all of an organism’s proteins) in order to identify all of the proteins produced; involves determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins so that drugs can be designed to alter protein activity to help in the treatment and diagnosis of disease.

92
Q

Tumor marker

A

A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells indicates the presence of a tumor, as well as the specific type. Tumor markers may be used to screen, diagnose, make a prognosis, evaluate a response to treatment, and monitor for recurrence of cancer.

Anatomy & Physiology I (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions