Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology I > Chap. 2: The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chap. 2: The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

is the science of the structure and interactions of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Matter

A

is anything that has mass and takes up space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mass

A

is the amount of matter a substance contains,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Weight

A

is the force of gravity acting on a mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chemical elements

A

both living and nonliving—are made up of a limited number of building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chemical symbol

A

one or two letters of the element’s name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

major elements

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lesser elements

A 
calcium (C)
phosphorus (P)
potassium (K)
sulfur (S)
sodium chlorine (Cl)
magnesium (Mg)
iron (Fe)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

trace element

A

are present in tiny amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enzymes

A

molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions in organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atomic number

A

the number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mass number

A

is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

subatomic particles

A
  • compose individual atoms

- only 3 types protons, neutrons, and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nucleus

A

the dense central core of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

isotopes

A
  • two or more forms of the same element

- contains an equal number of protons, but a different number of neutrons in the nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ion

A

– an atom that has lost or gained an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Molecule

A

– 2 or more atoms sharing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compound

A

– a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dalton

A
  • standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles
  • also known as an atomic mass unit (amu).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A free radical

A

has an unpaired electron in its outermost electron shell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

compound

A

is a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chemical bonds

A

forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost shell of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ionic bond

A

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

covalent bond

A

two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cohesion

A

is the tendency of like particles to stay together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Surface tension

A

is a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

– energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

potential energy,

A

energy stored by matter due to its position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

kinetic energy,

A

the energy associated with matter in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Chemical energy

A

is a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Exergonic reactions (ex‐ = out)

A

release more energy than they absorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

endergonic reactions (end‐ = within)

A

absorb more energy than they release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

activation energy

A

The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Catalysts

A

are chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

40
Q

Synthesis Reactions - Anabolism

A

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

41
Q

Decomposition Reactions - Catabolism

A

split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules

42
Q

exchange reactions

A

they consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions

43
Q

reversible reaction

A

the products can revert to the original reactants

44
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

are essential to life, since they are the reactions that break down food molecules to produce energy.

45
Q

Oxidation

A

refers to the loss of electrons; in the process the oxidized substance releases energy

46
Q

Reduction

A

refers to the gain of electrons; in the process, the reduced substance gains energy

47
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

usually lack carbon and are structurally simple

48
Q

Organic compounds

A

always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds

49
Q

solvent

A

dissolves another substance called the solute

50
Q

hydrophilic (hydro‐ = water; ‐philic = loving),

A

which means they dissolve easily in water

51
Q

hydrophobic (‐phobic = fearing).

A

They are not very water‐soluble

52
Q

hydrolysis

(hī‐DROL‐i‐sis; ‐lysis = to loosen or break apart

A

decomposition reactions break down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules

53
Q

Mixture

A

– a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together

54
Q

Percentage (mass per volume)

A

Number of grams of a substance per 100 milliliters (mL) of solution

55
Q

Molarity

A

‐ moles (mol) per liter A 1 molar (1 M) solution = 1 mole of a solute in 1 liter of solution

56
Q

Dissociation

A

is the separation of inorganic acids, bases, and salts into ions in a solution.

57
Q

buffer systems,

A

which function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.

58
Q

carbon skeleton

A

chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

59
Q

hydrocarbon

A

Many of the carbons are bonded to hydrogen atoms

60
Q

simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides.

61
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • three to seven carbon atoms, glucose & a hexose

- main energy supplying compound

62
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • formed from two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
  • can be split back into simple sugars by hydration
  • glucose + sucrose = sucrose
63
Q

polysaccharide molecule

A

contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis reactions

64
Q

glycogen

A

The main polysaccharide in the human body

65
Q

Starches

A

are polysaccharides formed from glucose by plants

66
Q

Cellulose

A

is a polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that cannot be digested by humans but does provide bulk to help eliminate feces.

67
Q

lipids

A

lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Unlike carbohydrates, they do not have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

68
Q

hydrophobic

A

insoluble in polar solvents such as water

69
Q

lipoproteins.

A

the smallest lipids (some fatty acids) can dissolve in watery blood plasma. To become more soluble in blood plasma, other lipid molecules join with hydrophilic protein molecules

70
Q

fatty acids

A
  • the simplest lipids
  • used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids
  • can also be catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP 0
  • consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain
71
Q

saturated fatty acid

A
  • contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain
  • they lack double bonds, each carbon atom of the hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen atoms
72
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A
  • contains one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain
  • not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms
  • has a kink (bend) at the site of the double bond
73
Q

monounsaturated

A
  • just one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain, has just one
74
Q

polyunsaturated

A

has more than one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain and it contains more than one kink.

75
Q

triglycerides

A

consists of two types of building blocks: a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.

76
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A
  • contain triglycerides that mostly consist of monounsaturated fatty acids
  • Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, most nuts, and avocados are rich in triglycerides with monounsaturated fatty acids
  • decrease the risk of heart disease
77
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A
  • contain triglycerides that mostly consist of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
  • Corn oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and fatty fish (salmon, tuna, and mackerel) contain a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • decrease the risk of heart disease
78
Q

phospholipids

A
  • have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains attached to the first two carbons.
  • In the third position, however, a phosphate group links a small charged group that usually contains nitrogen (N) to the backbone.
  • This portion of the molecule (the “head”) is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water
  • amphipathic molecules, having both polar and nonpolar regions
79
Q

amphipathic

A

Molecules that have both polar and nonpolar parts are said to be

80
Q

Amphipathic phospholipids

A

line up tail‐to‐tail in a double row to make up much of the membrane that surrounds each cell

81
Q

Steroids

A

have four rings of carbon atoms

82
Q

sterols

A

cholesterol, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, bile salts, and vitamin D

83
Q

Cholesterol,

A

which is synthesized in the liver, is the starting material for the synthesis of other steroids in the body.

84
Q

Proteins

A

are large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

85
Q

Enzymes

A

are proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions

86
Q

amino acids

A

The monomers of proteins

87
Q

Body proteins

A

contain 20 different amino acids, each of which has a unique side chain.

88
Q

Amino acids

A

are the monomers used to build proteins.

89
Q

Proteins level of Organizational structure

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

90
Q

the primary level of structure for a protein

A
  • primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids that are linked by covalent peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain
  • A protein’s primary structure is genetically determined, and any changes in a protein’s amino acid sequence can have serious consequences for body cells
  • The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide.
91
Q

enzymes

A
  • most catalysts are protein molecules
  • Some enzymes consist of two parts—a protein portion, called the apoenzyme (ā′‐pō‐EN‐zīm), and a nonprotein portion, called a cofactor
92
Q

Nucleic acids

A

so named because they were first discovered in the nuclei of cells, are huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are of two varieties.

93
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell.

94
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA),

A

the second type of nucleic acid relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

95
Q

Nucleotides

A

are the repeating units of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Anatomy & Physiology I (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions