Chap 3

Question 1

Which scholar expanded our understanding of a child’s maturation by emphasizing that development occurs through the interaction between the environment and the child’s innate abilities?

Answer 1

Jean Piaget

Question 2

What term refers to the cognitive structures which represent objects, events, and relationships in a child’s minds?

Answer 2

Schemas

Question 3

Which scholar suggested that children develop by internalizing the social interactions they experience?

Answer 3

Vygotsky

Question 4

hat term refers to the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or collaboration with more capable peers?

Answer 4

The Zone of Proximal Development

Question 5

What term refers to the support provided by caregivers and teachers to help a child improve their confidence?

Answer 5

Scaffolding

Question 6

Which theory suggests that the essential sequence in which children attain developmental milestones is linear and consistent across children?

Answer 6

Neuromaturational Theory

Question 7

T/F: According to the neuromaturational theory, movement progresses from primitive reflex patterns to voluntary, controlled movements

Answer 7

T

Question 8

T/F: According to the neuromaturational theory, the sequence and rate of motor development are vary greatly among infants and children

Answer 8

F

Question 9

Which theory refers to performance or action patterns that emerge from the interaction and cooperation of many systems, both internal and external to the child?

Answer 9

Dynamical Systems Theory

Question 10

T/F: Longitudinal studies reveal that children demonstrate unique trajectories of development and that variations in functional performance among children persist into adulthood.

Answer 10

T

Question 11

According to the dynamical systems theory, which three types of input initial guide an infant’s manipulation?

Answer 11

Visual, Tactile, and Kinesthetic

Question 12

Which term refers to a child’s ability to understand the shape, texture, and mass of an object through object manipulation?

Answer 12

Haptic perception

Question 13

Which term refers to the fit between a child and its environment?

Answer 13

Affordance

Question 14

Which term refers to synergies that have specific consistent characteristics, such as the sequence of movements and the ratio of joint movement, which can be adjusted to accommodate a new situation?

Answer 14

Perceptual learning ?

Question 15

Which term focuses on the child’s potential for change and on the contextual factors that promote or limit a child’s performance?

Answer 15

Plasticity ?

Question 16

Which stage of learning would a child be if they were seen bringing a toy to their mouth and gumming the object?

Answer 16

Exploratory activity

Question 17

Which stage of learning would include a child making adaptive responses to a new challenge in an environment based on previous experiences?

Answer 17

Skill achievement

Question 18

Which term refers to the relatively stable traits that influence how individuals process and respond to the environment?

Answer 18

Temperament

Question 19

Which term refers to the congruence between the child and their social and physical environment to support the child’s skill development and development trajectory?

Answer 19

Temperament

Question 20

Which term refers to the modulation of emotional reactions, including its inhibition, activation, and grading?

Answer 20

Emotional Regulation

Question 21

What term refers to a child’s internal characteristics that enable them to thrive and develop despite high-risk factors in the environment?

Answer 21

Resiliency

Question 22

Select the emotional regulation development stage: A one-month old infant may be able to soothe with non-nutritive sucking, but also responds to soothing by parents.

Answer 22

Neurophysiologic modulation

Question 23

Select the emotional regulation development stage: A five-month-old infant engages in repetitive play, kicking a toy over and again. The bright lights and music triggered when she kicks the toy cause her to smile and laugh.

Answer 23

Sensorimotor modulation

Question 24

Select the emotional regulation development stage: A 13-month-old toddler wants to climb on top of the coffee table. When redirected by his caregiver, the toddler throws himself to the ground in a behavioral tantrum.

Answer 24

Control

Question 25

Select the emotional regulation development stage: A caregiver brings their two year old to an indoor play space. Before entering the play space, the child glances back at their caregiver, who smiles in return. The child then happily rushes into the space to climb on the equipment.

Answer 25

Self-control

Question 26

Select the emotional regulation development stage: As a four-year-old child prepares for his parent’s departure on a business trip, he verbally expresses sadness, then asks for a hug

Answer 26

Self-regulation

Question 27

1) According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is resolved when an infant being regularly fed and caregivers responding during moments of duress?
2) According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage could possibly result in insecure attachment and isolation if not resolved?

Answer 27

Basic trust vs mistrust

Question 28

1) According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is resolved if a child is able to complete potty training?
2) According to Erikson, if this stage is not resolved, a child could shy away from challenges.

Answer 28

Autonomy vs shame

Question 29

1) According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads to children directing their own play and engaging in dramatic and imaginative play.
2) According to Erikson’s stages, if this stage is not resolved, a child may feel ashamed of their efforts and become overly dependent on their parents.

Answer 29

Initiative vs guilt

Question 30

1) According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads children feeling a sense of pride in their accomplishments; children strive to master new skills.
2) According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads children feeling a sense of pride in their accomplishments; children strive to master new skills.

Answer 30

Industry vs inferiority

Question 31

Which type of attachment results from interactions with a caregiver who is sensitively responsive to an infant’s signals?

Answer 31

Secure pattern

Question 32

Which type of attachment is characterized by clinginess or need for constant reassurance, related to a parent who is excessively protective?

Answer 32

Anxious pattern

Question 33

Which type of attachment is related to a caregiver who appears to be overinvolved, inconsistent, or neglectful in their responses to a child?

Answer 33

Insecure-ambivalent pattern

Question 34

Which type of attachment is related to a pattern of minimal emotional expression related to a less responsive, slightly rejecting caregiver?

Answer 34

Insecure-avoidance pattern

Question 35

Which type of attachment results from parents who are intrusive, withdrawn, negative, or abusive?

Answer 35

Disorganized pattern

Question 36

What type of play is described as an activity performed simply for the enjoyment of the physical sensation it creates?

Answer 36

Exploratory/sensorimotor play

Question 37

In this type of play, an object’s function is understood and that function determines the action.

Answer 37

Functional/Relational play

Question 38

In this type of play involves children directing objects away from themselves. For example: placing a doll into a bed, then covering the doll and saying, “Go to sleep, baby.”

Answer 38

Symbolic/imaginary play

Question 39

What type of interactions are the initial building blocks for an infant’s self-efficacy?

Answer 39

Cause-and-effect actions

Question 40

What term refers to the ability to extinguish incoming sensory information?

Answer 40

Habituation