Chap 3 Flashcards
Which scholar expanded our understanding of a child’s maturation by emphasizing that development occurs through the interaction between the environment and the child’s innate abilities?
Jean Piaget
What term refers to the cognitive structures which represent objects, events, and relationships in a child’s minds?
Schemas
Which scholar suggested that children develop by internalizing the social interactions they experience?
Vygotsky
hat term refers to the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or collaboration with more capable peers?
The Zone of Proximal Development
What term refers to the support provided by caregivers and teachers to help a child improve their confidence?
Scaffolding
Which theory suggests that the essential sequence in which children attain developmental milestones is linear and consistent across children?
Neuromaturational Theory
T/F: According to the neuromaturational theory, movement progresses from primitive reflex patterns to voluntary, controlled movements
T
T/F: According to the neuromaturational theory, the sequence and rate of motor development are vary greatly among infants and children
F
Which theory refers to performance or action patterns that emerge from the interaction and cooperation of many systems, both internal and external to the child?
Dynamical Systems Theory
T/F: Longitudinal studies reveal that children demonstrate unique trajectories of development and that variations in functional performance among children persist into adulthood.
T
According to the dynamical systems theory, which three types of input initial guide an infant’s manipulation?
Visual, Tactile, and Kinesthetic
Which term refers to a child’s ability to understand the shape, texture, and mass of an object through object manipulation?
Haptic perception
Which term refers to the fit between a child and its environment?
Affordance
Which term refers to synergies that have specific consistent characteristics, such as the sequence of movements and the ratio of joint movement, which can be adjusted to accommodate a new situation?
Perceptual learning ?
Which term focuses on the child’s potential for change and on the contextual factors that promote or limit a child’s performance?
Plasticity ?
Which stage of learning would a child be if they were seen bringing a toy to their mouth and gumming the object?
Exploratory activity
Which stage of learning would include a child making adaptive responses to a new challenge in an environment based on previous experiences?
Skill achievement
Which term refers to the relatively stable traits that influence how individuals process and respond to the environment?
Temperament
Which term refers to the congruence between the child and their social and physical environment to support the child’s skill development and development trajectory?
Temperament
Which term refers to the modulation of emotional reactions, including its inhibition, activation, and grading?
Emotional Regulation
What term refers to a child’s internal characteristics that enable them to thrive and develop despite high-risk factors in the environment?
Resiliency
Select the emotional regulation development stage: A one-month old infant may be able to soothe with non-nutritive sucking, but also responds to soothing by parents.
Neurophysiologic modulation
Select the emotional regulation development stage: A five-month-old infant engages in repetitive play, kicking a toy over and again. The bright lights and music triggered when she kicks the toy cause her to smile and laugh.
Sensorimotor modulation
Select the emotional regulation development stage: A 13-month-old toddler wants to climb on top of the coffee table. When redirected by his caregiver, the toddler throws himself to the ground in a behavioral tantrum.
Control
Select the emotional regulation development stage: A caregiver brings their two year old to an indoor play space. Before entering the play space, the child glances back at their caregiver, who smiles in return. The child then happily rushes into the space to climb on the equipment.
Self-control
Select the emotional regulation development stage: As a four-year-old child prepares for his parent’s departure on a business trip, he verbally expresses sadness, then asks for a hug
Self-regulation
1) According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is resolved when an infant being regularly fed and caregivers responding during moments of duress?
2) According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage could possibly result in insecure attachment and isolation if not resolved?
Basic trust vs mistrust
1) According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is resolved if a child is able to complete potty training?
2) According to Erikson, if this stage is not resolved, a child could shy away from challenges.
Autonomy vs shame
1) According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads to children directing their own play and engaging in dramatic and imaginative play.
2) According to Erikson’s stages, if this stage is not resolved, a child may feel ashamed of their efforts and become overly dependent on their parents.
Initiative vs guilt
1) According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads children feeling a sense of pride in their accomplishments; children strive to master new skills.
2) According to Erikson’s stages, successful completion of this stage leads children feeling a sense of pride in their accomplishments; children strive to master new skills.
Industry vs inferiority
Which type of attachment results from interactions with a caregiver who is sensitively responsive to an infant’s signals?
Secure pattern
Which type of attachment is characterized by clinginess or need for constant reassurance, related to a parent who is excessively protective?
Anxious pattern
Which type of attachment is related to a caregiver who appears to be overinvolved, inconsistent, or neglectful in their responses to a child?
Insecure-ambivalent pattern
Which type of attachment is related to a pattern of minimal emotional expression related to a less responsive, slightly rejecting caregiver?
Insecure-avoidance pattern
Which type of attachment results from parents who are intrusive, withdrawn, negative, or abusive?
Disorganized pattern
What type of play is described as an activity performed simply for the enjoyment of the physical sensation it creates?
Exploratory/sensorimotor play
In this type of play, an object’s function is understood and that function determines the action.
Functional/Relational play
In this type of play involves children directing objects away from themselves. For example: placing a doll into a bed, then covering the doll and saying, “Go to sleep, baby.”
Symbolic/imaginary play
What type of interactions are the initial building blocks for an infant’s self-efficacy?
Cause-and-effect actions
What term refers to the ability to extinguish incoming sensory information?
Habituation
