Chap 3 Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
5 stages of the life cycle of mass media
A
Innovation Dissemination Peak Decline Adaptation
2
Q
Ethnic and native American newspapers
A
- people outside the mainstream of society, such as Spanish and German immigrants used newspapers to create a sense of community and ethnic identity.
- native Americans felt they needed to express complaints too
- Elias Boudinot launched 1st native American paper “Cherokee Phoenix”
- Cherokee nation held control of the 4 page paper which was printed in half English and half their language
3
Q
Challenging British Control
A
- James Franklin published a newspaper in Boston called the New England Currant, and published it without the Published by Authority Stamp
- James Franklin began the tradition of an independent press in this country
4
Q
Sedition Laws
A
- created by British and carried over the American Colonies
- made it a crime to publishing content about govt. leaders
- Seditious language is language authorities believe could incite rebellion against govt.
- anyone who disobeyed could be fined up to $2000 or jailed for 2 years
- laws expired after 2 years
5
Q
Advertorial
A
print edition of infomercial
6
Q
Newspapers try to adapt
A
-w/ TV invention and the internet, newspapers are forced to seek new ways to attract readers & get money
7
Q
other factors forcing change
A
-unionization (Int. Typographical Union in the 1850’s, Newspaper Guild in 1934 which was the first union for reporters)
8
Q
opposition to stamp act of 1765
A
- 1765 British taxed publishers as last ditch effort to control American newspapers
- newspapers refused to pay
- papers published mocking the tax
- stamp act congress; no taxation without representation
9
Q
the 1800’s
A
- Frontier journalism: gold, silver, and adventure lured people west. Aided by telegraph the Indiana Gazette, Texas Gazette, Oregon Spectator, etc met the needs of the people wanting newspapers (moved easily from coast to coast)
- the wide opened land beckoned many journalists
- Samuel Clemmons
10
Q
Impact of Advertising
A
- most newspapers revenue is from advertising
- most print papers are 2/3 advertising now and some are more than 80% advertising
- newspapers make more money on print ads than online ads
11
Q
Freedom of the press
A
- in 1773 John Peter Zenger started the new York journal
- Very critical of NY governor; accused him of incompetence
- Zenger was arrested and jailed, charged with printing false and seditious writing
12
Q
Adaptation
A
- medium reaches this stage when it begins to redefine its position in the marketplace
- Learning to adapt in face of new technology
- Refocusing on consumer needs that can still be met is crucial
13
Q
The first Newspapers
A
- the first colonial was called Publik Occurrences, and was printed Sept. 12th 1690 and consisted of 2 pages of news and one blank page
- stopped print after 1sts issue bc Harris reported that the French king was sleeping with his sons daughter.
14
Q
Comp. w/ radio & TV
A
-tv influences the look and sound of many newspapers and newspapers began to offer more in depth coverage to set themselves apart.
15
Q
Declining readership
A
- staff cuts, newspaper closures, and consolidations
- decline of the two newspaper market
- newspaper chains = more common
16
Q
Earliest newspapers in America
A
- began as one page announcements that mostly contained news headlines from Europe
- Were controlled by the British govt. and words “Published by Authority” were stamped on them
17
Q
Tabloid Journalism (selling sex and violence)
A
- smaller format newspaper (11 inches by 14 inches) w/ illustrations and sensational stories
- New York Daily news (created first beauty pageant)
- The Daily News merged pictures and screaming headlines w/ reports about crime, sex, and violence, to exceed anything that appeared before it. Ran full page pics with punchy texts.
18
Q
Decline
A
- Consumer growth reaches a cap & begins to decline
- There is a loss of audience and revenue
- the medium is ultimately challenged by another, newer one (usually driven by new technology)
19
Q
Innovation
A
- Creation of technology, each mass media began as innovation characterized by a technological innovation that makes a channel or transmission possible (ex; there would be no film industry if no one invented the motion picture camera)
- Marketing the business; The innovation stage also includes marketing innovations.
20
Q
struggling to attract readers
A
- papers now try to attract women & subgroups
- trying to get hyper-local w/ coverage; more focus on community editions. (this began as more people moved into suburbs)
- expanding new media dept.
- looking for new ways to produce content cheaper.
21
Q
20th century brings more competition
A
- 2 NY publishers Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph refined the penny press. The focus was on sensational news and gossip
- in order to publish so cheap they relied on ads. Also created comics and ran publicity stunts.
22
Q
Yellow Journalism
A
- Heart & Pulitzer competed to run the most sensationalized stories about the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain. Reader reaction helped draw America into Spanish American War.
- Heart and Pulitzer blamed the Spanish for the sinking of Maine, Hearts dubbed it “The Journals War”, but the two actually share blame for it bc they both inflamed the public unnecessarily about events in Cuba.
23
Q
What is yellow journalism?
A
journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.
24
Q
Peak
A
- the medium commands the most attention & generates the most revenue. Think of this as max dissemination
- Very high % of houses accepted the medium
- Not all mediums reach a peak where they control market
25
Alternative voices create early alternative press
- alt. press (also called dissident press); media that present alt. viewpoints that challenge mainstream press
- newspapers became outlet for social protest
- six early advocates used press for advancing their causes; abolition of slavery and voting rights for women
- dissident newspapers offered a forum for protest and reform. which is an important cultural role for an independent press
26
Samuel Clemmons
most celebrated journalist
- traveled to Nevada prospecting silver but didn't find any
- a year later Territorial Enterprise hired him for $25 per week
- First signed his name as Mark Twain
27
Revival of alt. press
-the Vietnam war brings revival of alt press
28
Syndicate
- News agencies that create and sell content including; articles, comics, cartoons, puzzles
- associate press is longest syndicate now
29
News aggregators
- scan newspapers and social media for trending topics & breaking headlines and then compile them and post on own sponsored site
- produce very little og content
- stories are mostly lists or very short versions of that've been rewritten
(i. e.; BuzzFeed)
30
Boston News Letter
- 1st regularly printed newspaper
| - one sheet with months old European news
31
Dissemination
- This stage is characterized by the publics growing acceptance of the medium
- The new medium must have the ability to satisfy a need or create a new one ( or do it better than a previously existing medium )
32
Stage of decline begins
-decline din the 1920's w/ radio and 1950's w/ TV
33
Newspapers begin to Spead (dissemination)
- new technology made newspapers cheaper
- mechanized printing & the telegraph meant newspapers could reach wider audience faster
- expansion resulted in 3 developments: Frontier Journalism, Ethnic Newspapers, & the Alternative Press
34
Zenger Trial
- Zengers attorney argued that truth is a legit defense against libel, and if what was said was true it wasn't libel
- Libel; false statement hat damages a person's character or reputation
- the trial established a landmark precedent for freedom of the press in America. The concept that truth is the best defense for libel. If what was published is true, info cant be considered libelous.
35
paywalls
- internet fee structure
- readers have to pay for news stories
- some charge per article and some give full access to subscribers
36
Internet takes over
-210 marked turning point when more people said they got news online than on a print
