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WSET 3 (2nd Edition) > Chap 22: Germany > Flashcards

Chap 22: Germany Flashcards

1
Q

What climate does the majority of Germany’s vineyard areas have? (cool, mod, warm AND continental, maritime, medit)

A

Cool continental (with the associated viticultural challenges) Wet summers with rain declining in autumn prior to harvest

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2
Q

Where in Germany are vineyards noticeably warmer?

A

Baden in the far south

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3
Q

What effect does Germany’s climate have on grapes?

A

The long, cool ripening period allows grapes to reach sugar ripeness while retaining acidity

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4
Q

What kind of wines can be made in every region of Germany?

A

Botrytised sweet wines

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5
Q

Why is there so much variance in German wines from year to year?

A

Due to high variations in annual water conditions

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6
Q

What is the result of the marginal conditions in Germany?

A

Small differences in vineyards can have a large impact on the wines produced

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7
Q

Describe the typically best site in all german regions

A

Steep, often stony slopes w/ southerly aspect

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8
Q

Describe grape-growing practices for sites located on steep slopes in Germany (how is equipment moved if used and how are vines pruned and canopy managed?)

A
  • Worked on by hand In steepest parts, equipment is manoeuvred into place by winches
  • Vines are head-pruned, individually staked with canes tied in at the top of the stakes to maximise grape exposure to light and air circulation
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9
Q

What might the benefits be to a vine’s proximity to rivers in Germany?

A
  • Reflected sunlight can help grapes to ripen
  • Air movement caused by flowing water can help to protect against frosts
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10
Q

By which oenological characteristic are grapes classified in Germany? What effect does this have on the growing season?

A

By must weight (level of sugar in grape juice) The harvest can be spread out over a period of weeks and months

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11
Q

It is possible to make a range of Qualitätsweine and Prädikatsweine each year from…

A

An individual vineyard

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12
Q

How will harvest be performed in vineyards producing different levels of Qualitätsweine?

A

Pickers will pass through the vineyard several times to ensure that they get the ideal grapes for each category of wine

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13
Q

Besides picking-passes, how else may grapes be sorted for different levels of wine in Germany?

A

They may be sorted and categorised after each picking

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14
Q

What is the style trend in Germany? What has dictated this?

A

For dry wines, based on the demands of the local market

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15
Q

How may the red and white wines (of varying quality) of Germany be sold?

A

As Qualitätsweine

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16
Q

Why are the dry red and white mass wines of Germany not usually labelled as Prädikatsweine?

A

This is largely the preserve of white wines

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17
Q

In terms of vineyard plantings and quality, what is the most important wine grape of Germany?

A

Riesling

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18
Q

Which grape must be used for Prädikatsweine?

A

This book only talks about Reisling but there are other varieties that can be used

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19
Q

What is the most widely planted grape variety in Germany?

A

Riesling

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20
Q

What is the style of Riesling wines in Germany?

A

It varies due to differences in soil and climate:
* From delicate and floral to richer peachy fruit character
* Bone dry to lusciously sweet

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21
Q

How are dry styles of Riesling in Germany often labelled?

A

Qualitätsweine

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22
Q

What is the style range for dry Rieslings in Germany?

A

From light and fruity to very concentrated and intense

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23
Q

How are many of the very best dry Rieslings of Germany labelled?

A

Grosses Gewächs (GG)

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24
Q

Nearly all wines labelled as Prädikatsweine will have…

A

Residual sugar

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25
Q

Up to which Pradikat category is possible to make a wine in a dry style?

A

Auslese

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26
Q

What is the key to understanding Prädikatsweine?

A

To think of them as an indicator of style

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27
Q

What is the most delicate of the Prädikatsweine styles?

A

Kabinett

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28
Q

Describe Kabinett wines:
* Body
* Acidity
* Flavors
* Sweetness
* Level of alc. if made Dry and level of alc. if made med-sweet

A

Light in body

High acidity

Flavours of green apple or citrus fruit, balanced with residual sweetness

Sweet styles will have an alcohol level of 8-9% abv

Drier styles can reach 12% abv

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29
Q

How can Kabinett wines be made sweet?

A

By stopping fermentation early (better quality wines) or by adding sugar after fermentation (Süssreserve)

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30
Q

Why is stopping fermentation seen as a better quality way of creating sweetness?

A

It achieves a better sugar/acid balance

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31
Q

Describe Spätlese wines:
* Production method
* Alc.
* Body
* Sweetness
* Aromas - when made from Riesling

A
  • Made in the same way as Kabinett wines
  • More body than Kabinett wines
  • More alc. than Kabinett wines
  • Dry - Med-Sweet
  • More concentrated & riper than Kabinett wines. For riesling spatlese: citrus and stone fruit aromas (peach or apricot)
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32
Q

Describe how Auslese wines are made AND their charectoristics when compared to Spatlese wines from the same region.

A
  • Made from individually selected extra-ripe bunches
  • Can be made dry - sweet, but regardless these wines are richer and riper than Spätlese wines from the same region.
  • Regardless of style, noble rot can play an important part of the flavor profile of these wines.
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33
Q

Describe Beerenauslese (BA) and Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA) wines
* How are they made
* Site selection
* Typ. Volume
* Sweetness, Alcohol, Flavor
* Quality

A
  • Noble rot essential to achieving required must weights for TBA - not essential for BA wines, but noble rot still typical.
  • Some sites more suitable than others, but these styles not necessarily produced every year.
  • Volumes vary considerably when produced.
  • Wines are sweet and low in alcohol w/ flavors of honey, dried stone fruit, candied peel and flowers.
  • They rank amoung some of the best sweet wines in the world
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34
Q

Describe Eiswein (Frequency and Flavors)

A

Genuinely rare and made infrequently
Very sweet w/ pure varietal fruit flavours and best achieve a balance between acidity and sweetness.

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35
Q

Which additional winemaking methods may winemakers use to maintain varietal flavours in Eiswein?

A

Using carefully selected yeast, handling juice with care and avoiding processes which can mask the flavours of the grape such as MLF and new oak

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36
Q

Give an alternative name for Müller-Thurgau

A

Rivaner

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37
Q

When was Müller-Thurgau created and between which grapes?

A

1880s

Riesling and Madeleine Royale

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38
Q

How does MT compare with Riesling?

A

It ripens earlier, but does not have the same level of acidity or intensity of flavour

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39
Q

What kinds of flavours can Müller-Thurgau produce?

A

Attractive floral and fruity flavours

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40
Q

What are quality levels of MT like in Germany?

A

Rarely produces wine of high quality

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41
Q

What is the second most widely planted white grape variety in Germany?

A

Müller-Thurgau

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42
Q

Which white grape is on a steady decline? Why?

A

Müller-Thurgau, because the market for inexpensive medium-dry/medium-sweet Qualitätsweine made from the variety has declined

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43
Q

What is Germany’s third most widely planted white grape variety?

A

Silvaner

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44
Q

Where is Silvaner mainly found in Germany?

A

Mainly grown in Rheinhessen and Franken

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45
Q

What style is Silvaner made into?

A

Dry and sweet styles

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46
Q

What is the profile of Silvaner wines in Germany when compared to Riesling? What flavor/aroma compond/quality does it sometimes have?

A
  • Less acidic and less overtly fruity than Riesling
  • Sometimes has an earthy quality
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47
Q

What kind of quality can Silvaner produce (and under what condition)?

A

High quality on the right sites

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48
Q

Name the ‘other’ white varieties which are growing in importance in Germany

A

Grauburgunder (Pinot Gris) Weißburgunder (Pinot Blanc)

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49
Q

How are Grauburgunder and Weißburgunder often labelled?

A

Using the French or Italian name

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50
Q

What style are Grauburgunder and Weißburgunder often made into?

A

Dry styles

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51
Q

How else is Spätburgunder known?

A

Pinot Noir

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52
Q

What is the third most planted grape variety in Germany?

A

Spätburgunder

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53
Q

What kind of German vineyards does Spätburgunder thrive in?

A

The warmer sites

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54
Q

Where is Spätburgunder most important in Germany?

A

Pfalz and Baden

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55
Q

What styles are Spätburgunder wines made into?

A

Dry Either relatively light and fruity or in a more concentrated style with oak aromas

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56
Q

Which is the other widely planted black variety in Germany?

A

Dornfelder

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57
Q

What is fairly unique to Dornfelder wines in Germany?

A

They are very deeply coloured

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58
Q

List three additional popular black grape varieties in Germany (not Spatburgunder or Dornfelder).
What style do they usually produce?

A
  • Portugieser, Trollinger and Scwarzriesling (Pinot Meunier).
  • These varieties usually produce light-bodied and fruity wines, though some intensely coloured and flavoured examples with some oak character do exist.
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59
Q

How are Germany’s red wines labelled and where is their primary market?

A

As Qualitätsweine and consumed by the domestic market

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60
Q

Where is the Mosel region?

A

Includes the River Mosel, from where it joins the River Rhine to the German border and its two small tributaries; the Saar and the Ruwer

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61
Q

Which grapes dominate the Mosel?

A

White grapes, particularly Riesling

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62
Q

Which varieties are permitted for Grosses Gewächs wines in the Mosel?

A

Only Riesling

63
Q

Where in the Mosel is production concentrated?

A

In the centre of the region, in an area called the Middle Mosel

64
Q

What are the Middle Mosel villages with an established reputation for top-quality wine?

A

Piesport, Bernkastel, Wehlen

65
Q

Describe the best vineyards of the Middle Mosel

A

Very steep slopes w/ slate soils right next to the river

66
Q

Describe the Riesling wines of Mosel’s best vineyards

A

Lighter in body, lower in alcohol and higher in acidity than those of Rheingau, Rheinhessen and Pfalz

Floral and green fruit flavours

67
Q

How many plantings of Riesling are in the cooler Saar and Ruwer areas of Mosel

A

Only a tiny percentage of the overall plantings

68
Q

How do the best wines of the Saar/Ruwer compare with those of the Middle Mosel?

A

They are comparable in style and quality, with even more acidity

69
Q

What can happen in Saar and Ruwer in cooler vintages?

A

Grapes may not ripen in even the best sites and the grapes may then be used in sparkling wine production

70
Q

Where is the Nahe region?

A

Wide area between Mosel and Rheinhessen

71
Q

Where are the best sites in Nahe?

A

On steep, south-facing slopes on the banks of the river Nahe, between the villages of Schlossböckelheim and Bad Kreuznach

72
Q

What are the best wines of Nahe made from?

A

Riesling

73
Q

What is the most widely planted variety of Nahe?

A

Riesling

74
Q

What style is Riesling made into in Nahe?

A

Somewhere between that of Mosel and the fuller-bodied style of Rheingau, Rheinhessen and Pfalz

Pronounced acidity of Mosel

Riper fruit character than that of Mosel due to warmer character

75
Q

Which varieties are permitted for Grosses-Gewächs wines in Nahe?

A

Riesling only

76
Q

How is Rheingau best described?

A

Small but prestigious

77
Q

Where is Rheingau?

A

North of Rheinhessen, east of Mosel

78
Q

Where in Rheingau are most vineyards situated? Describe them

A

On the steep southerly facing slopes of the north bank of the River Rhine (in the west of the region) and the River Main (in the east)

79
Q

Other than their southerly aspect, what other feature of the best sites in Rheingau contributes to their favourable terroir?

A

The protection from winds offered by the Taunus Hills to the north

80
Q

Where are the majority of vineyards in Rheingau?

A

On the slopes to the west of the region and surrounding the villages of Johannisberg and Rüdesheim

81
Q

Which grape variety dominates plantings in Rheingau?

A

Riesling

82
Q

Describe Rieslings of Rheingau

A

Dry
Medium to full-body

Distinctive ripe peach character

83
Q

What other style of wines can be made in Rheingau? Why?

A

Some of Germany’s best BA and TBA wines

Due to high humidity

84
Q

Around which village to the east of Rheingau are vineyards centred around?

A

Hochheim

85
Q

Describe wines from around Hochheim

A

Can be riper and fuller bodied due to a slightly warmer climate

86
Q

Which other grape variety can do well in Rheingau? Where specifically?

A

Spätburgunder

To the west of Rüdesheim in the village of Assmannhausen

87
Q

Which grapes of Rheingau can be used for Grosses Gewächs wines?

A

Riesling

Spätburgunder

88
Q

What is the largest wine region in Germany?

A

Rheinhessen

89
Q

Which varieties are planted in Rheinhessen?

A

There’s a very broad range of varieties planted

90
Q

What are the most planted white varieties in Rheinhessen?

A

Müller-Thurgau and Riesling

91
Q

Which red varieties dominate in Rheinhessen?

What percentage of plantings do they occupy here?

A

Dornfelder

Portugieser

Spätburgunder

30%

92
Q

Which wines of Rheinhessen can be used for GG?

A

Riesling

Spätburgunder

93
Q

Where are the best wines of Rheinhessen produced?

A

On the steeply terraced vineyards on the west bank of the Rhine, centred around the village of Nierstein

94
Q

What are the terraces around Nierstein sometimes called?

A

The Rheinterrasse

95
Q

What reputation do the Rheinterrasse have in the wine world of Germany?

A

As producing some the fullest bodied Rieslings in Germany

96
Q

What other wine movement is happening in Germany? Whereabouts and what is happening?

A

In some less known parts of Rheinhessen e.g. the area in the south near Worms, top-quality wines have begun to be produced

97
Q

What reputation does Rheinhessen have?

A

As a result of its new winemaking movement, it has a reputation for innovation and excellence

98
Q

What is the second largest wine producing area of Germany?

A

Pfalz

99
Q

How can the vineyards of Pfalz be seen geographically?

A

As a continuation of the vineyards of Alsace

100
Q

Describe the vineyards of Pfalz

A

They run in a narrow 80km strip from the french border and lie to the east of the Haardt mountains (which are a continuation of the Vosges mountains)

101
Q

Describe the climate of Pfalz and its effect on vines

A

It is the driest of the German regions and the vines can suffer from water stress

102
Q

What is the most widely planted variety in Pfalz?

A

Riesling

103
Q

What reputation does Pfalz have in Germany for winemaking?

A

It has the longest reputation for high quality winemaking

104
Q

Which other white grape is widely grown in Pfalz?

A

Müller-Thurgau

Increasing plantings of Grauburgunder and Weißburgunder

105
Q

What percentage of vineyard area do black grape plantings account for in Pfalz?

A

Just under 40%

106
Q

What is the second most planted grape of either colour in Pfalz?

A

Dornfelder

107
Q

Which other red grapes are grown in Pfalz?

A

Portugieser (for the local market)

Spätburgunder (which is gaining an international reputation)

108
Q

From which varieties can GG wines be made in Pfalz?

A

Riesling

Weißburgunder

Spätburgunder

109
Q

Where are Pfalz’s most established quality vineyards located?

A

Surrounding Forst and Deidesheim

110
Q

What is the collective name for Forst and Deidesheim?

A

Mittelhaardt

111
Q

Where in relation to Mittelhaardt are the vineyards?

A

On the steep slopes to the west of the villages

112
Q

What is the style of wines produced in Mittelhaardt?

A

Ripe and fuller-bodied

113
Q

Besides Rheinhessen, where else in Germany are new and young producers making top-quality wines?

A

Pfalz

114
Q

What style are the wines of Pfalz being made into?

A

Drier styles

115
Q

What is the warmest/most southerly region of Germany?

A

Baden

116
Q

What are the wines of Baden like?

A

Fullest-bodied with highest alcohols

117
Q

Describe the size of Baden

A

The vineyards are spread over a large area, but in terms of vineyard area, it’s only the third largest in Germany

118
Q

Where in Baden are most of the vineyards located?

A

They are spaced out over a narrow strip of land that follows the Rhine to the Swiss border

119
Q

Around which areas are nearly a third of plantings focused in Baden?

A

Kaiserstuhl and Tuniberg (opposite Colmar in Alsace)

120
Q

How and where are the best vineyards of Baden situated?

A

They are on the south facing slope of Kaiserstuhl (an extinct volcano)

121
Q

What is the most widely planted variety in Baden?

A

Spätburgunder

122
Q

Which area has the best reputation for Spätburgunder in Baden?

A

Kaiserstuhl

123
Q

After Spätburgunder, what are the most widely planted varieties in Baden, listed in descending order?

A

Müller-Thurgau
Grauburgunder
Weißburgunder
Riesling

124
Q

Which variety can be used for GG wines in Baden?

A

A range of red and white wines can be used

125
Q

What is unusual about Franken in relation to the rest of Germany?

A

Riesling is neither most widely planted, nor is it considered to be prestigious

126
Q

What is seen as the top wine grape of Franken?

A

Silvaner

127
Q

What are the key viticultural characteristics of Silvaner?

A

Early flowering and ripening, making it susceptible to frost damage

128
Q

On what kinds of sites is Silvaner planted in Franken?

A

In the warmest sites

129
Q

What is the result of Silvaner being planted in the warmest sites of Franken?

A

It is able to reach a level of concentration rarely achieved elsewhere in Germany

130
Q

Where are the best wines of Franken?

A

From the south-facing slopes around Würzburg

131
Q

Describe the best wines of Franken

A

Dry, with a richness on the palate and often an earthy quality

132
Q

What is distinctive about the way Franken Silvaner is packaged?

A

They are bottled in distinctive flask-shaped bottles

133
Q

Which varieties can be used for GG wines in Franken?

A

Silvaner
Riesling
Weißburgunder
Grauburgunder
Spätburgunder

134
Q

How are some German PGI wines labelled?

A

Landwein

135
Q

How is German wine without a GI labelled?

A

Deutscher Wein

136
Q

How many designated
regions are there for German PDO wines?

A

13

137
Q

What is the category for German PDOs called?

A

Qualitätswein

138
Q

What are the requirements to qualify as a Qualitätswein? What must appear on the label?

A

Must come from one of the 13 designated wine growing areas AND that winegrowing area must appear on the label.

139
Q

What is Prädikatswein? What are the requirements to qualify? What are the labeling requirements?

A
  • It is a category within Qualitätswein. Generally they must be made from grapes with higher must weights (sugar levels), than required for Qualitätswein.
  • There are 6 Prädikat categories based on increasing min. must weights.
  • The Prädikat level must appear on the label.
140
Q

Other than Prädikat levels, what other labeling terms may be used?

A

Dry= Trocken
Off-dry/medium= Halbtrocken

141
Q

What is the alternative to Halbtrocken as a labelling term in Germany? Why may this be used instead?

A

Feinherb, as some producers believe ‘Halbtrocken’ has an association with lower quality wines

142
Q

What is the legal definition of ‘Feinherb’?

A

There is no legal definition

143
Q

Other than written indications, how else may sugar levels be deduced for a German wine?

A

From the wine category or alcohol level

144
Q

What geographical label hierarchy is being introduced? What will print on the label for each category?

A

Wines may be either labelled with a winegrowing area (largest), region, village or single vineyard.
* Region - the term “region” must appear on the wine label
* For village wines - simply the name of the village will appear on the label
* Single-vineyard wines - can be identified by both the village and vineyard name appearing on the label.

145
Q

During the transition period what could be confused with single vineyard wines, based on the labelling? How can you tell?

A

lower quality wines from regions, so you need to have a good knowledge of vineyard names or rely on price to identify single vineyard wines.

146
Q

Wines from a single vineyard may also be able to use these two labeling terms if they follow what regulations?

A
  • Erstes Gewächs - must be dry and made to stricter regulations than other single vineyard wines.
  • Grosses Gewächs - must also be dry and regulations are particularly strict.
147
Q

List in order, German categories by minimum must weight, from lowest to highest, including what style they can be made into

A

Qualitätswein - dry to medium sweet

Prädikatswein:
* Kabinett - dry to medium sweet
* Spätlese- dry to medium sweet
* Auslese - dry to sweet
* Beerenauslese - sweet only
* Eiswein - sweet only
* Trockenbeerenauslese - sweet only

148
Q

Which German organisation has attempted to address the issue of labelling quality indications? Who are they?

A

Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP) - A producers’ association who have classified, by consensus, the vast majority of the best vineyard sites in Germany

149
Q

Under VDP, how can single vineyard wines be classified?

A

VDP.Erste Lage or VDP.Grosse Lage, with the later representing the best sites and stricter regulations.

150
Q

Dry wines coming from VDP.Grosse Lage sites are called what? How is it indicated on a wine bottle/label?

A

VDP.Grosses Gewächs - these wines are indicated by the letters ‘GG’ and a bunch of grapes that are embossed on the neck of the bottle.

151
Q

Wines made by members of the VDP can be identified how on a wine bottle?

A

With an icon of an eagle on the capsule

152
Q

What grape varieties are permitted by the VDP in each region?

A

It varies region to region.

153
Q

When did VDP.Grosses Gewächs become a part of German law?

A

It is not a part of German law, it is just a trademark of the VDP. Nevertheless, these are considered to be the very best dry wines made in Germany.

WSET 3 (2nd Edition) (15 decks)

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