Chap 2 lesson 1

Question 1

, literally “good spirited,” is a term coined by renowned Greek philosopher
Aristotle (385-323 BC to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans.

Answer 1

Eudaimonia

Question 2

Who describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans.

Answer 2

Aristotle

Question 3

This has often been translated into “human flourishing” in literature, arguably likening
humans to flowers achieving their full bloom.

Answer 3

Eudaimonia

Question 4

As discussed in the Nicomachean Ethics,
Aristotle’s human flourishing arises as a result of
different components such as ——.

Answer 4

friendship, wealth, and power

Question 5

It has been observed that Western civilization
tends to be more focused on the ——

Answer 5

individual,

Question 6

Eastern are more—-

Answer 6

community-centric

Question 7

—-, on the other hand, aims for eudaimonia as the ultimate good.

Answer 7

The Greek Aristotelian
view

Question 8

—– allowed people full access to cultures that as a result,
very few can maintain their original philosophies.

Answer 8

Flourishing borders

Question 9

Science as Method or how to do science:

Answer 9

Observation:
Question:
Hypothesis:
Prediction:
Experimentation:
Analysis:
Conclusion:
Peer Review and Publication:

Question 10

This is the initial stage where scientists observe a phenomenon or event
in the natural world. Observations can be made through direct sensory experiences or
through instruments and tools designed to detect specific phenomena.

Answer 10

Observation:

Question 11

Based on observations, scientists formulate questions or hypotheses about
the phenomenon they are observing. These questions should be specific, testable, and
ideally lead to predictions.

Answer 11

Question:

Question 12

is a tentative explanation for the observed phenomenon. It is
a statement that can be tested through experimentation or further observation. A good
hypothesis is based on prior knowledge and is falsifiable, meaning it can be proven false
through experimentation.

Answer 12

Hypothesis: A hypothesis

Question 13

Scientists use the hypothesis to make predictions about the outcome of
experiments or further observations. Predictions are logical consequences of the
hypothesis and can be tested through experimentation or additional data collection.

Answer 13

Prediction:

Question 14

This step involves designing and conducting experiments to test the
predictions derived from the hypothesis. Experiments should be carefully planned to
control variables, eliminate bias, and ensure reproducibility. Data is collected during the
experiment and analyzed to determine if it supports or refutes the hypothesis.

Answer 14

Experimentation:

Question 15

The data collected from experiments are analyzed using statistical and other
analytical methods to determine if the results support the hypothesis. Data analysis
involves identifying patterns, trends, and relationships in the data.

Answer 15

Analysis:

Question 16

Based on the analysis of the data, scientists draw conclusions about the
hypothesis. If the data supports the hypothesis, it may be accepted as a plausible
explanation for the observed phenomenon. If the data does not support the hypothesis, it
may be rejected or modified, and new hypotheses may be formulated.

Answer 16

Conclusion:

Question 17

The final step involves sharing the results of the study
with the scientific community through peer-reviewed publications or presentations at
conferences. Peer review ensures that the study’s methods, results, and conclusions are
rigorously evaluated by other experts in the field before being accepted as valid scientific
knowledge.

Answer 17

Peer Review and Publication:

Question 18

Verification theory, also known as the —-

Answer 18

verification principle

Question 19

is a philosophical principle
associated with logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.

Answer 19

Verification theory,

Question 20

It suggests that a statement or
proposition is meaningful only if it can be empirically verified or confirmed through direct
observation or logical analysis. According to this theory, statements that cannot be verified
empirically or logically are considered meaningless.

Answer 20

Verification theory,

Question 21

Falsification theory, associated with the philosopher —,

Answer 21

Karl Popper

Question 22

is a criterion of
demarcation used to distinguish scientific theories from non-scientific ones.

Answer 22

Falsification theory

Question 23

According to him scientific theories should be falsifiable, meaning they should make specific
predictions that can potentially be proven false through empirical observation or
experimentation. In other words, scientific theories must be capable of being tested and
possibly disproven.

Answer 23

Karl Popper

Question 24

it emphasizes the importance of testing theories through attempts to
disprove them rather than seeking confirmation, as confirming instances alone cannot
verify the validity of a theory.

Answer 24

Falsification theory

Question 25

It emphasizes the collaborative and communal aspects of scientific inquiry, recognizing that scientific progress is not solely the work of individuals, but rather a collective effort that involves various stakeholders, including scientists, policymakers, educators, and the public.

Answer 25

"Science as a Social Endeavor"

Question 26

"Science as a Social Endeavor" involves:

Answer 26

Collaboration: Communication: Ethical considerations: Public engagement:

Question 27

Scientists often work together across disciplines and institutions to tackle complex problems that require diverse expertise and perspectives

Answer 27

Collaboration:

Question 28

Effective communication of scientific findings to both specialized audiences and the general public is essential for informed decision-making and societal engagement with science.

Answer 28

Communication:

Question 29

Scientists must consider the ethical implications of their research, including issues related to human subjects, environmental impact, and broader societal implications.

Answer 29

Ethical considerations:

Question 30

Engaging with the public fosters a greater understanding of science and its role in society, promotes scientific literacy, and builds trust between scientists and the communities they serve.

Answer 30

Public engagement:

Question 31

it underscores the importance of inclusivity, transparency, and accountability in scientific practice, ultimately enhancing the relevance and impact of scientific research on society.

Answer 31

Science as a social endeavor

Question 32

This explores the perception of science and its ability to produce results, comparing it to other belief systems and disciplines like religion, luck, and human randomness.

Answer 32

Science and Results

Question 33

People who may not fully understand science are still impressed by its ability to produce tangible outcomes or results. It draws a parallel with how Jesus performed miracles and gained followers, indicating that the effectiveness of science in producing results can captivate individuals, even if they don't comprehend the underlying principles completely

Answer 33

Capacity to Produce Results:

Question 34

While science is recognized for its ability to produce results, it acknowledges that it is not the only discipline capable of doing so. It mentions religion, luck, and human randomness as alternative belief systems that also yield outcomes, even though they operate differently from scientific methods.

Answer 34

Science versus Other Disciplines:

Question 35

communities without access to scientific knowledge may resort to practices like divination and superstition, which can still yield outcomes or results, albeit through different means.

Answer 35

Diverse Approaches to Results:

Question 36

Despite its efficacy, the acknowledges that science is not infallible and cannot guarantee 100% accuracy. It uses weather reports as an example to illustrate the limitations of scientific predictions, particularly in foreseeing natural disasters.

Answer 36

Fallibility of Science:

Question 37

In the face of unpredictable events like disasters, it suggests that the best course of action is to reinforce materials and infrastructure to withstand calamities and to focus on restoration efforts post-impact.

Answer 37

Adaptation and Response:

Question 38

it concludes by asserting that science does not have a monopoly on the claim for definite results. While it is a powerful tool for understanding the world, other disciplines and belief systems also offer pathways to outcomes and understanding, albeit through different lenses and methodologies.

Answer 38

Conclusion on Definite Results:

Question 39

(MDG).

Answer 39

Millennium Development Goals

Question 40

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), signed by world leaders in 2000. One of the goals emphasizes the need for a global partnership for development.

Answer 40

Background on MDGs:

Question 41

One of the goals emphasizes the need for a global partnership for development.

Answer 41

MDGs

Question 42

Economists often equate growth with development and prioritize it as the primary indicator of progress. They allocate significant resources to achieve economic growth, often leveraging technology, machinery, and labor.

Answer 42

Economic Growth as a Goal:

Question 43

highlights the limitations of pursuing growth as the sole measure of development. It argues that growth creates an illusion of sustainability, as the Earth's finite resources cannot sustain endless expansion. Moreover, growth itself is not limitless and may eventually lead to diminishing returns.

Answer 43

Limits of Growth:

Question 44

It proposed by Joseph Hickel. It suggests that developed countries should consider scaling back their pursuit of growth to avoid overexploitation of resources and irreversible damage to the environment.

Answer 44

Concept of "De-development":

Question 45

The concept of "de-development," is proposed by

Answer 45

Joseph Hickel.

Question 46

The adverse consequences of rapid technological growth on the environment. It warns that the current pace of growth is unsustainable and contributes to man-made climate change, which threatens biodiversity and could lead to mass extinction

Answer 46

Environmental Impact:

Question 47

Finally, warns that if current trends continue, humans may face the risk of extinction due to the ecological damage caused by unchecked growth and exploitation of natural resources.

Answer 47

Potential Extinction: