Chap 19

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

Is a group or organisms of the same species that live together in a defined area and time.

Question 2

Genes

Answer 2

Are carried on chromosomes and controlled in terms of inheritance of traits

Question 3

Alleles

Answer 3

Each form of a gene

•ex) colour of fur of a mouse

Question 4

Gene pool

Answer 4

Is the SUM of all alleles for all the genes in a population.

{genetic variation passed on to next gen}

Question 5

More variety:

Answer 5

Better chance the population can survive

Question 6

Genotype Frequency

Answer 6

Is a proportion of a population with a particular genotype.

•expressed in decimals

Question 7

Phenotype Frequency

Answer 7

Is a proportion of a population with a particular phenotype.
•expressed as decimal or percentage

Question 8

Allele Frequency

Answer 8

Is the RATE of occurrence of a particular gene.

•expressed as decimals

Question 9

Hardy-Weinberg principle:

Answer 9

Allele frequencies in a population will remain the SAME from one gen to next if it follows 5 conditions.

Question 10

5 Hardy conditions

Answer 10

1. Large Population
2. Mating at random
3. No mutations
4. No migration
5. No natural selection

Question 11

Hardy-Weinberg equation

Answer 11

Determines the frequencies of different genotypes in a population

•p2+2pq+q2= 1.00

Question 12

Genetic equilibrium

Answer 12

No change in the allele frequencies over time, then the population is at genetic equilibrium. (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)
•NOT changing or evolving population

Question 13

Microevolution

Answer 13

The GRADUAL change in allele frequencies in a population.

•ex) development of DDT-resistance in mosquito

Question 14

Genetic diversity

Answer 14

The degree of genetic variation within a species or population.
~can be reduced~
•ex) ducks death in a cold winter

Question 15

Mutation

Answer 15

A change that occurs in the DNA of an individual

•Inheritable mutations= potential to affect an entire gene pool

Question 16

Gene flow

Answer 16

Describes the next movement of alleles from one population to another due to migration of individuals.
•ex) mating of wolves to increase survival

Question 17

Non-random mating:

Answer 17

Prevents individuals with particular phenotypes from breeding. Only individuals that mate will contribute to the gene pool of the next gen.
•ex) antlers of Caribou to attract

Question 18

Genetic drift

Answer 18

A change in our frequencies due to chance events in a small breeding population (lost traits of alleles)

Question 19

Founder effect

Answer 19

The gene pool changes that occur when a few individuals start a new isolated population.
• frequently on islands (Galapagos)
• lack of genetic diversity in human populations can be medical concerns (Amish)

Question 20

Bottleneck effect

Answer 20

Gene pool changes that results from a rapid decrease in population size.
•seen in species driven to edge of extinction

Question 21

Natural Selection

Answer 21

Is the only process that leads directly to evolutionary adaptation.
•Some individuals are able to survive
and reproduce better than others.
~Greater fitness breed passes on to next gen

Question 22

Heterozygote advantage

Answer 22

Several alleles that are related to genetic health conditions are thought to provide advantages.
•ex) an allele for cystic fibrosis may be better resistant to diarrhoeal diseases as such as cholera.