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Bio 30 > Chap 12 > Flashcards

Chap 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

The nerve endings in cells that detect sensory information
•initiate neural impulses
- Different forms of energy stimulate the receptors

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Occurs when the neural impulses arrive at the cerebral cortex.
Ex) Face may detect warmth of a beam of sunlight and feel the warmth on at cheek

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3
Q

Perception

A

Each person has a UNIQUE perception.

-cerebral cortex interprets the meaning of the sensory information

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4
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

When the BRAIN filters out insignificant or REDUNDANT info.

• ex) sensory adaptation has occurred when you gone out clock ticking

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5
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Are specialized cells or neuron endings that detect specific stimulus.
Humans have 4 categories of receptors
•transduce, convert a form of NRG into electrochemical NRG

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6
Q

1) photoreceptors

A

Light stimulates this receptor.
•Eyes contains rods and cones in order to see and absorb light
-colours and shades
[damage: loss of associated sense]

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7
Q

2) Chemoreceptors

A

Stimulated by certain chemicals

-tongue: contains TASTEBUDS that detect various particles in food

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8
Q

3) Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical forces from same form of pressure
•ex) hair cells in inner ear are activated by vibration of sound waves
•SKIN =pain, pressure and light touch

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9
Q

4) Thermoreceptors

A

In SKIN: detects heat and cold

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10
Q

Human eye: 3 layers

A
  • external
  • intermediate
  • internal
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11
Q

External eye layer

A

Sclera and cornea

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12
Q

Sclera

A

External

•white of the eye/ touch and fibrous protective layer

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13
Q

cornea

A

LIGHT enters the eye

•clear/transparent dome of the eye

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14
Q

Intermediate layer of eye

A

Choroid
Iris
Pupil

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15
Q

Choroid

A

Intermediate
•ABSORBS stray light rays that ARENT detected by photoreceptors
•blood vessels= nourish eye

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16
Q

Iris

A

Front
Choroid forms DONUT shaped coloured iris
•allows light to enter via pupil

17
Q

Pupil

A

Iris contains dark pupil

•dilated/expands

18
Q

Adaptation

A

Light conditions

Ex) turning off lights, eyes adjust

19
Q

Internal layer of eye

A 
Ciliary muscles
Retina
Rods
Cones
Optic nerve
fovea centralis
20
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Thickened choroid extending

•attaches to lens, focusing images on retina

21
Q

Retina

A

Internal

•thin layer of tissue that contains photoreceptors (rod/cone)

22
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive to light intensity
(Black and white)
-more than cones
Peripheral

23
Q

Cones

A

Are sensitive to different colours
•pack most densely at back of eye
(FOVEA)

24
Q

Optic nerve

A

Connects to brain and sends impulses from cones and rods

25
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Attached to ciliary muscle and lens

1) anterior chamber
2) posterior chamber

26
Q

1) aqueous humour

A

Clear fluid in antechamber

•maintains SHAPE of cornea and provides o2+nutrients

27
Q

Glaucoma

A

Excess liquid builds up, ducts become plugged
•delicate blood vessels rupture
•cells of eye deteriorate due to lack of oxygen and nutrient
*BLINDNESS

28
Q

2) vitreous humour

A

Clear jelly fluid in posterior chamber

•maintains shape of eyeball and supports surrounding cells

29
Q

Focussing

A

Lens focussed light in particular direction

-rounded lens: ciliary contract suspensory relax
NEAR

-flattened lens: ciliary relax suspensory taut
FAR

30
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability for lens to change shape in order to focus images clearly on retina
•reflex
•muscle fatigue~excess contraction or eye strain

31
Q

Cataracts

A

Lens ages/protein structure degenerate
•grey/white spots form on lens
-surgically treated

32
Q

Astigmatism

A

Inheritable condition impacting eyes FOCUS ability

•due to uneven curvature in cornea (blurry)

33
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsighted people
•no trouble seeing CLOSE but not far
•elongated eyeball
-light in front of retina and not on

34
Q

Hypermyopia

A

Common FARSIGHTED
•no trouble seeing FAR but not close
•shortened eyeball
•light doesn’t meet retina, focuses behind

35
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Back of eye

-cones densely packed

36
Q

Colour blindness

A

Deficiency in cones
(Red, green and blue)
More male

37
Q

Blind spot

A

Ganglion cells merge to form optic nerve.
•areas do not contain photoreceptors
~incapable of detecting light

38
Q

Binocular vision

A

3D

Bio 30 (10 decks)

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