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Bio 30 > Chap 15 (repro) > Flashcards

Chap 15 (repro) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

(Embryonic development) Fertilization

A

1+1=1
Egg+sperm=zygote
•one succeeds sperm… depolarizes egg to shut off access for other sperms
•23 chromosomes pairs

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2
Q
  1. Cleavage and implantation
A

Egg is FERTILIZED
•moves through oviduct travelling towards uterus
-mitosis (cell division) up to 8 cells
•no enlargement of cells=cleavage

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3
Q

16 cells

A

• a morula

-reached uterus 3-5 days after fertilization and diffuses

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4
Q

2 different groups FORM of the BLASTOCYST

A
  • -trophoblast
  • Inner cell mass

-both part of blastocyst

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5
Q

Blastocyst

A

Spherical structure “germ pouch”

•hollow pouch for new cellular development

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6
Q

Group 1: tropoblast

A 
•nourishment 
•outer layer of blastocyst 
-membrane develops into CHORION
•chorion——placenta development 
-provides nutrient, 02 and waste removal
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7
Q

Group 2: inner cell mass

A

-inner layer of blastocyst
•develops into the embryo ITSELF
-positions against endometrium
5th-7th day will attach to endometrium and sink into wall

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8
Q

Implantation

A

Nestling of the BLASTOCYST into the endometrium
•complete at 10th to 14 th day
-woman is PREGNANT

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9
Q

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

A

Same effects as LH
•maintains corpus luteum past degeneration time
•estrogen and progesterone secrete
-prevents menstruation
-placenta secretes sufficient nutrients but corpus is less important

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10
Q

Embryonic disk

A

Inner cell mass FLATTENS to form a disk shaped structure when amniotic fluid forms
•connects blastocyst to endometrium
-2-3 layes (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

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11
Q

3 germ layers

A

Ectoderm: outer layer (closest to amniotic cavity)
Endoderm: inner layer
Mesoderm: develops later between ectoderm and endoderm

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12
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process of FORMING these 3 layers

-SECOND WEEK

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13
Q

3 layers

A

Developing embryo: gastrula
-organs tissues and cell body derived
•to do with gastrulation

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14
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Gastrulation starts this process
•series of events that form distinct structures of an organism
•cells of embryo to become different cells like arms

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15
Q

Differentiation

A

Cellular process enables a cell to develop particular SHAPE and functions that are different from other cells

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16
Q

Neuralation

A

Process of forming the NEURAL tube marks start of organ formation
•spinal and brain formation
-heart begins to form
-18th day is heartbeat

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17
Q

4th week

A

Rapid growth differentiation
-blood vessels
-lungs kidneys lobe and face structure
Menstruation will be 2 weeks late

18
Q

5th week

A
  • head is large in comparison to rest
  • eyes open
  • 1,3 cm
  • differentiation
19
Q

7th-8th week

A

Human features

  • organs formed
  • nervous system
  • skeleton is cartilage
  • genetic sex determined
  • nostrils
20
Q

6th week

A

Brain grows

  • limbs
  • gonads produce hormone
21
Q

8th week

A

Enlarged organs and growth
-is a FETUS
•paper clip size

22
Q

Extra-embryonic membrane

A

-protection/nutrition/excretion/respiration

  • alla tous
  • amnion
  • chorion
  • yolk sac

All expelled after birth

23
Q

Placenta

A

-chorion into placenta
•stringy projections extend from chorion into the uterine lining
•begin placenta development at 10 weeks
•disk shaped organ that is RICH in blood vessels
-attaches embryo to uterine wall for metabolic exchange

1) embryos actual tissue
2) mothers circulatory pools

24
Q

Umbilical cord

A 
A rope like structure 
•end of 8th week starts to form
-enlarged amniotic sac
•naval of fetus to centre of placenta 
•oxygen depleted blood-fetus to placenta
•exigencies rich blood-blood to fetus
25
Q

Diffusion

A

•umbilical cord

26
Q

First Trimester •1-12 weeks

A

•body length growth accelerates
•head growth slows
•skeleton cartilage hardens and bones develop
_reproductive organs distinguishable

27
Q

Second Trimester •13-24 weeks

A 
•4th month 
-heart beat is strong
-bones of skeleton form
-brain grows rapidly/ nervous system functions 
-fewtus legs grow so MOVEMENT 
5th month:
-covered in layer of hair and oil
6th month:
-little fat and pink skin from blood
28
Q

Third Trimester•25-38 weeks

A

-final
-fetal brain cells develop quicker
-testis descend if male
-fat in skin
-digestive and respiratory systems
•NUTRITION important!!

40 weeks approx ready for birth

29
Q

Teratogen

A

Agents that cause structural abnormalities due to exposure of substances in pregnancy
Ex) cigarettes, alcohol, drugs
•affect health of the fetus during pregnancy
-physically, mentally, developmental delays

30
Q

Alcohol: FAS

A

Fasd: alcohol consumption during pregnancy that results in disorder of fetus
•physical and mental
•weight, he aight, face, memory, aggressive, learning

31
Q

Nine months of pregnancy

A

1st: conception-3rd month
2nd: 4-5 months
3rd: 7th- birth

32
Q

Parturition

A 
•BIRTHING process (3stages) 
•events associated = labour
-uterine contractions 
-15-20min and 20-30s become stronger
•hormonal and neural components 
~OXYTOCIN helps uterine stretching for contractions
33
Q

Contractions

A

Push fetus DOWN the cervix and stretched until birth occurs

34
Q

Breech

A

Feet first
•dangerous for mom and baby
•Caesarean section of unturnable
(Incision in abdomen)

35
Q

Lactation

A

Hormones control onset lactation
•breast development like puberty due to estrogen and progesterone (milk prep)
-Prolactin : hormone for milk production
(Not secreted in pregnancy)

36
Q

Prolactin

A

Hormone for milk production
•ANTERIOR pituitary

-colostrum is before milk (yellowish)
•oxytocin help out

37
Q

Suckling

A

Secretion of oxytocin from posterior stimulates contraction of milk glands and ducts for lactation

38
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced in POSTERIOR

•causses weak contractions of smooth muscles within breasts to force milk into ducts

39
Q

Dilation stage

A

Uterine contractions and oxytocin cause cervix to OPEN and dilate
•amniotic sac BREAKS -WATER BREAK and amniotic fluid is released through vagina
•lasts 2-20h

40
Q

Expulsion stage

A

Forceful contractions push the baby through the cervix to the birth canal
•as bangs moved through= head rotated making it easier for body to pass through
~this stage usually lasts 2h

41
Q

Placental stage

A

Placenta and umbilical cord are expelled from uterus
•expelled placenta -afterbirth
~lasts 10-15min afterwards

Bio 30 (10 decks)

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