Chap 18 - Endocrine Textbook Flashcards
body cells
prostaglandins
Aggregation of platelets
Contract uterus
Lower acid secretion in stomach
Lower blood pressure
gastrointestinal tract
Cholecystokinin, Gastrin, Secretin
Contracts gallbladder
Stimulates gastric secretion
Stimulates pancreatic enzymes
kidney
Erythropoietin
Stimulates erythrocyte production
pineal gland
Melatonin
induces sleep and affects mood
placenta
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Sustains pregnancy
skin
Vit D
affects absorption of calcium
Thyroid
Thyroxine (T4); triiodothyronine (T3) - Increases metabolism in body cells
Calcitonin - Decreases blood calcium
Parathyroids
Increases blood calcium
Adrenals Cortex
Cortisol (glucocorticoid) - increases blood sugar
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) - increases reabsorption of sodium
Androgens, estrogens (sex hormones) - secondary sex characteristics
Adrenals Medulla
Epinephrine (adrenaline) - Sympathomimetic
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - Sympathomimetic
Pancreas - Islet cells
Insulin - Decreases blood sugar (glucose to glycogen)
Glucagon - Increases blood sugar (glycogen to glucose)
Pituitary - Anterior lobe
Growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin) - Increases bone and tissue growth
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates adrenal cortex, especially cortisol secretion
Gonadotropins
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Promotes ovulation; testosterone secretion
Prolactin (PRL) - Promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion
Pituitary - Posterior lobe
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) - Stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
Oxytocin - Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth
Ovaries
Estrogens - Promote development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone - Prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy
Testes
Testosterone - Promotes development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics
adrenal cortex
Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.
derived from cholesterol
adrenal medulla
Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
derived from amino acids
ovaries
Located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.
pancreas
Located behind the stomach.
Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas.
The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to aid digestion.
parathyroid glands
Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland.
pituitary gland
hypophysis
Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica
composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
testes
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.
thyroid gland
Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
adrenaline (epinephrine)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
adrenocortico-tropic
hormone (ACTH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates the adrenal cortex.
aldosterone
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.
androgen
Male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example.
antidiuretic hormone
ADH
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis).
increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.
calcitonin
Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.
cortisol
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood SUGAR.
It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
epinephrine (adrenaline)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla
increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic).
“fight or flight”
releases glucose from storage
estradiol
Estrogen secreted by the ovaries.
estrogen
Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex.
Examples are estradiol and estrone.
follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).
FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.
glucagon
Secreted by ALPHA islet cells of the pancreas
increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch, stored in liver cells) to glucose.
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.
insulin
Secreted by BETA islet cells of the pancreas.
Insulin helps glucose (sugar) to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla
constricts vessels -increases heart rate and blood pressure
(sympathomimetic).
oxytocin (OT)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.
parathormone (PTH)
Secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.
progesterone
Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
prolactin (PRL)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); promotes milk secretion
somatotropin (STH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); growth hormone.
testosterone
Male hormone secreted by the testes.
thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH);
thyrotropin
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning.
Note: TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland.
thyroxine (T4)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.
triiodothyronine (T3)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases metabolism in cells. Note: The extra n in -thyronine (pronounced THĪ-rō-nēn) avoids the combination of two vowels (o and i)
vasopressin
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
increases water reabsorption and raises blood pressure.
catecholamines
Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine is a catecholamine.
corticosteroids
Hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex.
Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).
electrolyte
Mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are electrolytes.
glucocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response
homeostasis
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.
hormone
Substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.
hypothalamus
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland.
mineralocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral SALTS (electrolytes) and water balance in the body.
Aldosterone is an example.
receptor
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
sella turcica
Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.
sex hormones
Steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.
steroid
Complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made. Examples of steroids are estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Ster/o means solid; -ol means oil.
sympathomimetic
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic hormone (it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways).
target tissue
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
aden/o
gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
hypogonadism
Deficiency of gonadotropins can produce hypogonadism
andr/o
male
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
crin/o
secrete
dips/o
thirst
estr/o
female
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
home/o
sameness
hormon/o
hormone
kal/i
potassium (electrolyte)
lact/o
milk
myx/o
mucus
natr/o
sodium (electrolyte)
phys/o
growing
somat/o
body
ster/o
solid structure
toc/o
childbirth
toxic/o
poison
ur/o
urine
-agon
assemble, gather together
-emia
blood condition
-in, -ine
substance
-tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)
-uria
urine condition
eu-
good, normal
hyper-
excessive; above
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
pan-
all
poly-
many or increased
tetra-
four
tri-
three
hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. (Graves disease)
hypothyroidism
Underactivity of the thyroid gland.
Myxedema - advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
cretinism - extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth
thyroid carcinoma
Cancer of the thyroid gland.
hyperparathyroidism
Excessive production of parathormone.
calcium leaves the bones and enters the bloodstream, where it can produce damage to the kidneys and heart
hypoparathyroidism
Deficient production of parathyroid hormone.
calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the
bloodstream.
adrenal virilism
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens.
Amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening
Cushing syndrome
Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
obesity, moon-like fullness of the face, excess deposition of fat in the thoracic region of the back (so-called buffalo hump), hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, and hypertension
Addison disease
Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex.
generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy,
and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes (with hypoglycemia, low blood pressure, and hyponatremia)
pheochromocytoma
Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky
(phe/o) color (chrom/o)
The tumor cells produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
hyperinsulinism
Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia.
Fainting spells, convulsions, and loss of consciousness
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar,
starch, and fat metabolism in cells.
Type 1 diabetes
childhood onset
Autoantibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells are present.
Type 2 diabetes
Usually occurs after age 30 Gradual onset; asymptomatic Insulin usually present 85% are obese Ketoacidosis seldom occurs
acromegaly
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.
adenomas of the pituitary glandthat occur during adulthood
gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.
Benign adenomas of the pituitary gland that occur before a child reaches puberty produce an excess of growth hormone.
dwarfism
Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism.
panhypopituitarism
Deficiency of all pituitary hormones.
Tumors of the sella turcica as well as arterial aneurysms may be etiologic factors
syndrome of inappropriate
ADH (SIADH)
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
Hypersecretion of ADH produces excess WATER RETENTION in the body.
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone causes the kidney tubules to fail to hold back (reabsorb) needed water and salts.
fasting plasma glucose
FPG
Also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
serum and urine tests
Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function.
thyroid function tests
Measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream.
exophthalmometry
Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer.
computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor.
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities
thyroid scan
Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland.
ultrasound examination
Sound waves show images of endocrine organs.
endocrine glands
secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
exocrine glands
sends chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
Thyroid Fx
Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate
calcitonin
stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone
PTH
increase blood calcium
Gonadocorticoids
androgens and estrogens
influences - SEX
Goiter
enlargement of the thyroid
Graves’ disease (Hyperthyroidism)
Exophthalmos and proptosis
Hyperparathyroidism
loss of bone density
kidney stones
hypercalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism
muscle and nerve weakness
tetany
hypocalcemia
