Chap 17 - Eyes and Ears Textbook Flashcards
accommodation
Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near.
anterior chamber
Area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor
aqueous humor
Fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber.
biconvex
Consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere. The lens of the eye is a biconvex body.
choroid
Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
ciliary body
Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris; controls the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor
cone
Photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse. Cones are responsible for color and central vision.
conjunctiva
Delicate membrane lining the undersurface of the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball.
cornea
Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball.
fovea centralis
Tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision.
fundus of the eye
Posterior, inner part of the eye.
iris
Pigmented (colored) layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye.
lens
Transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye.
macula
Yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc
optic chiasm
Point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
optic disc
Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. (blind spot)
optic nerve
Cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex).
pupil
Central opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass.
refraction
Bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina.
retina
Light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells
rod
Photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision
sclera
Tough, white outer coat of the eyeball.
thalamus
Relay center of the brain.
vitreous humor
Soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber
aque/o
water
blephar/o
eyelid
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
cor/o
pupil
corne/o
cornea
cycl/o
ciliary body or muscle of the eye
dacry/o
tears, treat duct
ir/o, irid/o
iris
kerat/o
cornea
lacrim/o
tears
ocul/o
eye
opthalm/o
eye
opt/o, optic/o
eye, vision
palpebr/o
eyelid
papill/o
optic disc; nipple-like
phac/o, phak/o
lens of the eye
pupill/o
pupil
retin/o
retina
scler/o
sclera
uve/o
uvea; vascular layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid)
vitre/o
glassy
ambly/o
dull, dim
dipl/o
double
glauc/o
gray
mi/o
smaller, less
mydr/o
widen, enlarge
nyct/o
night
phot/o
light
presby/o
old age
scot/o
darkness
-opia
vision
-opsia
vision
-tropia
to turn
astigmatism
Defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye.
hyperopia (hypermetropia)
farsightedness
myopia
nearsightedness
presbyopia
Impairment of vision as a result of old age reducing lens accommodation
cataract
Clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision
chalazion
Small, hard, cystic mass on the eyelid.; formed as a result pf chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland along margin of eyelid
diabetic retinopathy
Retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms,
hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization (new blood vessels form in the retina).
glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision.
hordeolum (stye or sty)
Localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid.
macular degeneration
Progressive damage to the macula of the retina.
Blepharitis
Inflammation of eyelid, causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins
Dacryocystitis
Blockage, inflammation, and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac, causing redness and swelling in
the region between the nose and the lower lid
Ectropion
Outward sagging and eversion of the eyelid, leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration
Entropion
Inversion of the eyelid, causing the lashes to rub against the eye; corneal abrasion may result
Ptosis
Drooping of upper lid margin as a result of neuromuscular problems or trauma
Xanthelasma
Raised yellowish plaque on eyelid caused by lipid disorder (xanth/o = yellow, -elasma = plate)
nystagmus
Repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
retinal detachment
Two layers of the retina separate from each other.
photopsia - bright flashes of light
floaters - vitreous clumps of retina
scleral buckle - a belt used to buckle retina to sclera
pneumatic retinopexy - gas bubble is injected in vitreous cavity to help reattach the retina
strabismus
Abnormal deviation of the eye.
fluorescein angiography
dye injection to examine blood flow in the retina
ophthalmoscopy
Visual examination of the interior of the eye through dilated pupil
slit lamp microscopy
Examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification.
visual acuity test
Clarity of vision is assessed
visual field test
Measurement of the area (peripheral and central) within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head
enucleation
Removal of the entire eyeball.
keratoplasty
Surgical repair of the cornea.
laser photocoagulation
an argon laser creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky blood vessels
LASIK
laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism).
phacoemulsification
Ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe
scleral buckle
Suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina.
outer ear
pinna (auricle)
external auditory meatus (auditory canal)
tympanic membrane
middle ear
tympanic membrane (eardrum).
three small bones (ossicles) malleus, incus, stapes.
oval window
eustachian tube
inner ear
cochlea
auditory nerve fibers
auditory canal
Channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum.
auditory meatus
Auditory canal.
auditory nerve fibers
Carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain
auditory tube
Channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx; eustachian tube.
auricle
Flap of the ear; the protruding part of the external ear, or pinna.
cerumen
Waxy substance secreted by the external ear; also called earwax.
cochlea
Snail shell–shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells.
endolymph
Fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear.
eustachian tube
Auditory tube.
incus
Second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear; incus means anvil.
labyrinth
Maze-like series of canals of the inner ear. This includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
malleus
First ossicle of the middle ear; malleus means hammer.
organ of Corti
Sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear.
ossicle
Small bone of the ear; includes the malleus, incus, and stapes.
oval window
Membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear.
perilymph
Fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear.
pinna
Auricle; flap of the ear.
semicircular canals
Passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
stapes
Third ossicle of the middle ear. Stapes means stirrup.
tympanic membrane
Membrane between the outer and the middle ear; also called the eardrum.
vestibule
Central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea. The vestibule contains two structures, the saccule and utricle, that help to maintain equilibrium.
acous/o
hearing
audi/o
hearing; the sense of hearing
audit/o
hearing
aur/o, auricul/o
ear
cochle/o
cochlea
mastoid/o
mastoid process
myring/o
eardrum, tympanic membrane (see tympan/o)
ossicul/o
ossicle
ot/o
ear
salping/o
eustachian tube, auditory tube
staped/o
stapes (third bone of the middle ear)
tympan/o
eardrum, tympanic membrane
vestibul/o
vestibule
acusis or -cusis
hearing
-meter
instrument ro measure
-otia
ear condition
acoustic neuroma
Benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve) in the brain.
cholesteatoma
Collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear.
deafness
loss of the ability to hear
Nerve deafness (sensorineural hearing loss)
impairment of the cochlea or auditory (acoustic) nerve
Conductive deafness
impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes transmitting sound waves into the cochlea
Meniere disease
Disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops).
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
Serous otitis media
noninfectious inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid
suppurative otitis media
bacteria invade the middle ear, pus formation occurs
otosclerosis
Hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear
tinnitus
Sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears.
vertigo
Sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects.
audiometry
testing the sense of hearing
cochlear implant procedure
Surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing–impaired persons to understand speech.
ear thermometry
Measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum.
otoscopy
Visual examination of the ear canal with an otoscope
tuning fork test
Test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork).
Rinne test
examiner places the base of the vibrating fork against the patient’s mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of the auditory meatus (air conduction)
Weber test
tuning fork is placed on the center of the forehead. The loudness of sound is equal in both ears if hearing is normal.
AMD
age-related macular degeneration
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
IOL
intraocular lens
IOP
intraocular pressure
OD
R eye
OS
L eye
OU
both eyes
PERRLA
pupils equal, round, creative to light and accommodation
POAG
primary, open-angle glaucoma
PRK
Photorefractive keratectomy
VA
visual acuity
VF
visual field
balance and equilibrium
vestibule
semicircular canals
