chap 15/16 Flashcards
Transcription
Is the first step to gene expression
Translation
is the process of translating an mRNA molecule into an amino acid sequence
Promoter
DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription
Codon
three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release a polypeptide during translation
Amino Acid
is building blocks for polypeptides and proteins.
Genetic code
is the set of rules that relates condons in RNA to amino acids in protiens.
mRNA
messenger RNA
tRNA
Picks up the appropriate amino acids, recognizes the proper codon for mRNA. Bring that two together
Operon
collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells
Repressor
protein that binds to the operator of prokaryotic genes to prevent transcription
Operator
region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells
Gene regulation
It is basically a turning on and off genes.
Transcription factors
protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and that influences transcription of a gene
Cancer
is uncontrolled cell gorth (mitosis)
Mutation
is a change in the sequence of DNA
Mutagens
are stubstances that cause mutaions
Carcinogens
are cancer causing antagens
Gene
a piece of dna
Exon
are joined together and the mRNA exits the nucleus, after the intorns are cut out
Ribosome
made of protiens and are a second type of RNA
Introns
Located in genes, and most of the time discarded.
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds.
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions synthesize RNA from DNA
RNA processing
Transforms pre-mRNA into functional RNA
rRNA
Used for translation, non coding
Gene expression
processes that control the turning on or turning off of a gene
DNA packing
Folding the DNA into a compacting structure so it can fit in the nucleus.
Histones
epigenetic modification that leads to gene expression; a process involving adding or removing an acetyl functional group
Oncogene
causes the cell to grow without control
Transcription factor
protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and that influences transcription of a gene
How is only one DNA strand used as a template in Transcription?
Only one strand (3’-5’) is used while the other is unused.
What’re the 3 steps to transcription?
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
what does Initiation consist of?
RNA polymerase along with one or more transcription factors attaches to a region of the gene called the promoter and transcription is started.
What happens in Elongation?
The new RNA strand peels away from the DNA template, allowing the DNA strands to come back together.
What happens in Termination?
The RNA polymerase detaches from the newly synthesized RNA and the gene (DNA)
What are the key players in TransLation
messenger RNA
Amino acids (building blocks for protiens)
Ribosomes
transfer RNA
