Chap 10 - Airborne Bacterial Diseases Flashcards
The upper respiratory tract consists of what?
Sphenoidal sinus, frontal sinus, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx
Where is microbial colonization usually limited to?
The upper respiratory tract
The lower respiratory tract consists of what?
Trachea, lungs, bronchi, diaphragm
What traps microbes and particulates larger than 2nanos in a layer of mucus?
Mucociliary clearance
_____ is an inflammation of the throat
Pharyngitis
Scarlet fever is a rash caused by what ______ ______.
Erythrogenic exotoxins
This is a rare inflammatory response to bacterial M proteins, which may lead to renal damage.
Acute glomerulonephritus
This illness produces an exotoxin that inhibits translation, which results in the accumulation of a pseudomembrane on the tonsils or pharynx
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is treated with what?
Antibiotics and antitoxins (neutralizes toxin)
This illness begins when a localized infection invades the blood and then the meninges around the brain and spinal cord.
Acute bacterial meningitis
What are the signs for strep throat (S. Pyogenes) and how is it treated?
Sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes & tonsils (beefy red tissue). It is treated with penicillin class antibiotics
Name the bacteria that causes Diptheria
Corynebacterium diptheriae.
Signs and Symptoms of Diptheria
Sore throat, fever, pseudomembrane, swell of the epiglottis. Tr
How is diphtheria prevented
Diphtheria toxoid vaccine
What is the most commonly infected part of the URT and what is the infection called.
The Nose, rhinitis
Sinusitis always begins with what?
Rhinitis.
This is often referred to as swimmers ear because it infects the ear canal (toward the exterior)
Otitis externa
Otitis Externa
Organism name: Strep, Staph, Pseudomonas Treatment: topical/oral medication Signs&Symptoms: Itching followed by pain Transmission: contaminated water (swimmer’s ear) Prevention: Keep ears dry
Otitis Media
Description: Nasopharynx connected to middle ear; Why colds cause ear infections
Can cause COM – hearing loss due to biofilm colony
Treatment: antibiotics
Signs&Symptoms: ear pain, bulging and red ear drum
Transmission: airborne, or direct contact
Prevention: limit time in daycare
What is the most dangerous form of meningitis
N. Meningitidis
Signs/Symptoms and Treatment for Meningitis
Major signs and symptoms: Meningococcemia (blood infection) rash (red with blue black spots) Headache & sensitivity to light nausea & vomiting Stiff neck Blurred vision Diagnosis: CSF obtained by spinal tap Treatment: Considered Emergency; IV Antibiotics Prevention: Vaccine
Describe the pathway for bacterial meningitis.
Nasopharyngeal colonization | invasion of epithelium |
Invasion of bloodstream | into CSF and meninges & BBB
Is bacterial meningitis gram positive or negative?
gram-negative diplococci
This disease is also known as whooping cough
Pertussis
Pertussis
Organism name: Bordetella pertussis ; gram neg rod
Transmission: Respiratory Droplet
Teatment: Erythromycin (Antibiotic)
Prevention: Vaccine; TDaP or DTaP (uses a cellular pertussis vs dangerous merthiolate)
Brief description:
Pili adher to cilia and produce exotoxin
Toxin paralyzes ciliated cells; impairs mucus movement.
“100 day cough.”
Major signs and symptoms:
Violent cough followed by whooping noise as breathing in.
Malaise & Paroxysm (general ill feeling & coughing fits)
Low grade fever
What does “a” in DTaP stand for?
Aceullar (no live cells)
Tuberculosis (TB)
Organism name: Mycobaterium Tubercuclosis
Brief description: small, aerobic, nonmotile rod; forms waxy cell surface enhancing resistance to drying, disinfectants and antibiotics. Long incubation period.
Transmission: aerosolized droplets; person to person; infectious dose is small
Diagnosis:
Mantoux skin test
If welt (induration): shows that you make antibodies; means you have been exposed at some point in your life.
Must have follow up chest x-ray
Acid Fast Stain the sputum; sputum may contain traces of blood
Major signs and symptoms:
Active – cough, fever, fatigue, weight loss, breathing pain, chills/sweats
Treatment: therapy with antibiotics
Prevention: TB Vaccine; minimize contact with TB patients
What is another name for TB
Consumption. If the tubercle breaks apart, bacteria spread throughout the body.
This for of TB is the development of active tubercles throughout the body; accompanied by rash resembling millet seed
Miliary TB.
Infectious Bronchitis
Disease: Infectious Bronchitis; inflammation of the bronchi – produces excessive mucus and narrowing of bronchi
Organism name: Mycoplasma/Chlamydophila/Strep strains of Pneumoniae, or Haemophilus Influenzae
Brief description: can be caused by bacteria following URT viral infection such as the common cold or flu.
Transmission: respiratory droplets
Treatment: Antibiotics
Prevention: Annual flu vaccine; good hygiene
Major signs and symptoms: “Flu Like Symptoms”; dry cough
Class signs of Inflammation
Dolor - Pain
Tumor - Swelling
Rubor - Redness
Calor - Heat
HCAP stands for what
Health Care-Acquired Pneumonia
Staphylococcal pneumonia caused by
Staphylococcus aureus (It may result in necrotizing pneumonia)
Psittacosis (aka ornithosis)
Zoonotic Respiratory Disease:
Organism: Chlamydophila psittaci
Transmission: from infected birds (wild birds like parakeets, pigeon
“Don’t inhale bird droppings.”
Prevention: Keep susceptible birds away from infecting agents
Chlamydial pneumonia
Organism : Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Transmission: human-to-human via respiratory droplets, causing CAP.
Prevention Good hygiene
Anthrax
Organism name: Bacillus anthracis
Brief description: spore forming, aerobic, gram (+) rod; Found in cattle…they ingest it from the soil
Transmission: inhalation of endospores; handling animals “woolsorter’s disease”
Teatment: Penicillin (antibiotics)
Prevention: avoid contact with infected livestock
Symptoms: same as common cold or flu; fever,chills, cough, chest pain, headache and malaise).
S Pyogenes causes:
Step throat
Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever
What is the pseudomembe is made up of what?
WBCs, mucus, and dead cells
CAP is what and it causes rust colored sputum.
Community Acquired Pneumonia
