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Pathology > Chap 1 to 4 > Flashcards

Chap 1 to 4 Flashcards

1
Q

increase in cell size

A

hypertrophy

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2
Q

Increased in number of cell

A

Hyperplasia

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3
Q

no hyperplasia but only hypertrophy

A

Cardiac,skeletal,neurons

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4
Q

examples of metaplasia

A

Barrets oesophagus
Apocrine metaplasia of breast[no malignancy]
vit a defn - Keratomalacia
myositis ossificans

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5
Q

carbonmonooxide poisoning

A

causes;
smoke from fires
gas heaters
exhaust from cars

Po2 normal
sao2 decreases

cherry red skin

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6
Q

Methhemoglobinemia

A

sulphate and nitrate drugs
children
cyanosis with chocolate colored blood

Po2 normal
sao2 decreases

IV methylene blue

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7
Q

cellular swelling

membrane blebs

A

Reversible cell injury

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8
Q

plasma membrane damage
mitochondrial membrane damage
lysosomal membrane damage

A

irreversible cell injury

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9
Q

nuclear condensation pyknosis
nuclear fragmentation Karryorrhexis
nuclear dissolution Karyolysis

A

cell death

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10
Q

ischemic infarction to organs

A

coagulative necrosis

except Brain,pancreas

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11
Q

Red infarct

A

pulmonary

testicular

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12
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

brain
abcess
pancreas

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13
Q

dry gangrene

A

GIT

limb

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14
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

TB

fungal

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15
Q

fat necrosis

A

Breast

peripancreatic fat in pancreatitis

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16
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Malignant hypertension

Vasculitis

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17
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
No inflammation

inactivation of BCL2
cytochrome c leaves from mitochondria
Activation of caspases

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18
Q

Primary amyloidosis

A

AL amyloid light chain

multiple myeloma

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19
Q

Secondary amyloidosis

A

AA amyloid associated protein
malignancy
Familial mediterranian fever

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20
Q

amyloidosis most affected organ

A 
Kidney- nephrotic syndrome
restrictive cardiomyopathy,Arryhtmia
hepatospleenomagaly
tongue enlargement
malabsorption
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21
Q

Mutated serum transthyretin

A

Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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22
Q

Amylin

A

Type II dm

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23
Q

A beta amyloid

A

Alzhemer disease

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24
Q

Beta 2 microglobulin

A

Dialysis ass amyloidosis

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25
Q

Calcitonin

A

Medullary ca of thyroid

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26
Q

chemotatctic

A

LTB4
C5a
IL8

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27
Q

MEDIATORS OF PAIN

A

PGE2

BRADYKININ

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28
Q

mediators of fever

A

PGE2

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29
Q

delayed falling of umbilical cord

No pus formation

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
defn of Integrenis CD18

incraesed neutrophils
rec bacterial infections

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30
Q

Anaphylotoxins

A

C3a

C5a

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31
Q

Opsonins

A

IgG

C3b

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32
Q

impaired phagolysosome formation

A

chediak higasi syndrome

risk of pyogenic infection
neutropenia
defective primary hemostasis[platelet granule abnormality]
albinism
peripheral neuropathy
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33
Q

infection with catalase positive organism

Nitroblue tetrazolium negative

A

chronic granulomatous disease
X linked or AR
NaDPH oxidase defn

rec infection ion with granuloma formation
with step.aureus
pseudomonas
serrate,nocardia
aspergillus

NBT blue with NADPH presence
colorless in CGD

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34
Q

Myeloperoxidase defn

A

Candida albicans infection

NBT normal

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35
Q

2nd activation for CD4

A

B7 on Antigen presenting cell binds to CD28 on t helper cells

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36
Q

2nd activation for CD8

A

IL2 from TH1 subset

37
Q

2nd activation for B lymphocyte

A

CD40 on B cell binds Cd 40 L on T cell

38
Q

granuloma

A

epithelial histiocytes[macrophage with pink cytoplasm]
giant cell
lymphocytes

39
Q

casseating granuloma

A

TB and fungal

40
Q

Non casseting granuloma

A

sarcoidosis
Berylliosis
Foreign body

41
Q

Absent 3rd or 4th pharyngeal pouch

A

digeorge syndrome

Absent thymus
Absent Parathyroid
abnormality of heart,great vessels,face

42
Q

Adenosine deaminase defn

A

SCID
also
MHC class Ii dean
cytokine receptor defn

severe fungal, viral.bacterial,protozoal infection

BUBBLE BABY

43
Q

recurrent bacterial, enterovirus (polio,coxsackie),Giardia lamblia

A

X linked aggamaglobulinemia
mutated Bruton tyrosine kinase
at 6 months of life[maternal antibodies]
live vaccines avoided

when similar features present at late childhood
Common variable immunodeficiency[CVID]
risk of lymphoma

44
Q

viral mucosal infection

A

IgA Defn

m/c immunodeficiency

45
Q

mutated CD40 or CD40L

A

Hyper IgM syndrome
low immunoglobulin switching
Rec pyogenic infection at mucosal site

46
Q

rec infection
eczema
thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott Aldrich syndrome
X linked
Cause of death - bleeding

47
Q

complement defn C5 to C9

A

Neisseria.gonorrhoea or n.meningitidis

48
Q

AIRE mutation

A

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy

49
Q

Fas apoptosis mutation

A

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome[ALPS]

50
Q

CD25 polymorphism

A

Multiple sclerosis,Type I DM

51
Q

FOX P3 mutation

A 
IPEX syndrome
immune dysregulation
Polyendocrinopathy
Enteropathy
X linked
52
Q 
butterfly malar rash
discoid rash
lymphadenopathy
Arthritis
anemia,thrombocytopenia

diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis[DPGN]
Libman sacks endocarditis

A

SLE

Antinuclear antibody
Anti dS DNA
Anti smith

53
Q

Sjogren antibody

A

Antiribonucleoprotein

Anti SSA/ro and Anti ssB/la

54
Q

pregnant women with anti SSA

A

Neonatal lupus-congenital hear block

55
Q

CREST syndrome

limited sclerosis

A 
Calcinosis
Raynaud
esophagial dysmotility
sclerodactyly
telengectasia
56
Q

Sclerosis antibody

A

Anti DNA topoisomerase I

scl-70

57
Q

Antiinflamatory mediators

A

IL 10 and TGF beta

58
Q

important fibroblast growth factor

A

TGF beta

59
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Fibroblast growth factor

VEGF

60
Q

Type III collagen

A

Granulation tissue,Keloid,Uterus

61
Q

malignancy important feature

A

Monoclonal

62
Q

Aflotoxin-Axspergillus in stored mold grain

A

Hepatocellular ca

63
Q

Arsenic[smoking]

A

Sq cell ca of skin
Angiosarcoma of liver
lung ca

64
Q

Vinyl chloride

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

65
Q

Naphtylamine

A

Urothelial ca of bladder

66
Q

Nitrosamine

A

Stomach ca -smoked food japan

67
Q

EBV

A

cancers
Nasopharyngeal ca[keratin epithelium]
Burkitt lymphoma [t(8:14)] C-MYC
CNS lymphoma in AIDS

68
Q

Protooncogene

PDGF B

A

Astrocytoma

69
Q

ERBB2 (HER2/neu)

A

breast ca

70
Q

RET

A

Men 2a men 2b,

medullary ca thyroid

71
Q

KIT

A

GI stromal tumor

72
Q

RAS gene [GTP binding protein]

A

Carcinoma,melanoma,Lymphoma

73
Q

N-MYC nuclear regulator

A

Neuroblastoma

74
Q

L-MYC nuclear regulator

A

Lung Ca - Small cell ca

75
Q

Cyclin D

A

Mantle cell lymphoma t(11:14)

76
Q

Cyclin dependent kinase

A

Melanoma

77
Q

Keratin

A

Epithelium

78
Q

Vimentin

A

Mesanchyme

79
Q

Desmin

A

Muscle

80
Q

S 100

A

Melanoma
Schwannoma
Langherhan cell histiocytosis(Cd1a and birbect granules)

81
Q

HUS

A

children
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

AFter E coli o157 dysentry

renal abnormality
presence of schistocytes

82
Q

TTP

A

Adult
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

Decreased ADAMTS 13 [cleaves VWF multiuser to monomer]

CNS abnormality
presence of schistocytes

83
Q

Abnormal ristocetin

A

VWF defn

84
Q

PT time

A

Extrinsic
Factor 7
and common Factor 2,5,10,fibrinogen

85
Q

PTT

A

Intrinsic Factor 12,11,9,8

and common Factor 2,5,10,fibrinogen

86
Q

vit k

A

factor 2,7,9,10

protein c and s

87
Q

disorders of fibrinolysis

A

Increased Plasmin activity-converts fibrin to fibrinogen,destroys coagulation factor, blocks,platelet aggregation [after radical prostatectiomy]

Decreased Antiplasmin activity [cirrhosis]
rx aminocaproic acid

88
Q

Hypercoagulable state

A 
protein c and s defn [Protein cand s inactivated factor 5 and 8]
factor 5 leiden mutation
Antithrombin III defn
prothrombin mutation
OC pills
89
Q

Shortness of breath,hemoptysis,pluertic chest pain

A

pulmonary infarction

saddle emboli-blocks both r and left pulmonary artery-sudden death

Pathology (10 decks)

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