Changing places Unit 2

Question 1

Explain the background history to deindustrialised urban places

Answer 1

> in the 19th century during the industrial revolution new industries located around the old core of settlements and concentrated along the developing canal and railway networks.
a zone of mixed industrial land use with terraced workers houses developed in these areas
as cities developed outwards during the 20th and 21st centuries these old industrial zones became known as the inner city of urban areas.

Question 2

What are the 4 key points that have lead to the decline of the inner city?

Answer 2

> industrial change/decline
increasing unemployment
decline of shops and services
decline of housing and environment

Question 3

How has industrial change/decline led to a decline in the inner city?

Answer 3

In the 1950s employment in heavy industries declined and many factories closed or moved out of the centre. In the inner city, factories had lacked space for expansion and they were constrained by poor transport facilities.

Question 4

Has an increasing unemployment led to a decline of the inner city?

Answer 4

As factories closed, more and more jobs were lost and unemployment rapidly increased. Poverty in these areas rose significantly - people had less disposable income.

Question 5

How has decline of shops and services led to a decline of the inner city?

Answer 5

Many shops and services such as banks, cinemas, pubs etc. were forced to close due to lack of custom brought on by the increasing poverty in the inner city - less disposable income people spent money on essentials.

Question 6

How has decline of housing and the environment led to decline of the inner city?

Answer 6

The poor quality housing built in the 19th century was becoming more run-down and by the 1960s many areas had slum-like conditions. Many empty factories, shops and houses were vandalised and crime rates rose. Derelict land became a dumping ground for litter and rubbish.

Question 7

What are the economic impacts in the cycle of decline and deprivation following deindustrialisation?

Answer 7

> industrial decline or deindustrialisation happens
industries and businesses start to reduce workforce and relocate
industrial buildings sit empty
people have less money to spend
people have less to spend on updating and renovating their properties
local shops and services get less income or customers
less skilled workforce
low investor confidence in the area

Question 8

What are the social impacts in the cycle of decline and deprivation following deindustrialisation?

Answer 8

> people are unemployed
people become resigned or depressed about the situation
lower wage demands
lower aspirations
weaker achievement at school
outmigration of skilled people in search of jobs
population declines
people have less money to spend
some people turn to crime to supplement income

Question 9

What are the environmental impacts in the cycle of decline and deprivation following deindustrialisation?

Answer 9

> dereliction of industrial premises, more waste land
residential properties become abandoned as areas reputation declines
increase of burglary, graffiti, vandalism and fly tipping
schools and shops start to close
environmental and building quality declines

Question 10

Social exclusion in deindustrialised places - the process of deindustrialisation can create areas of deprivation within a city. The process leading to this exclusion is called filtering describe this.

Answer 10

Deindustrialisation within an area leads to unemployment -> outward migration of people with higher levels of skills and education occurs as they find work elsewhere -> remaining population has declined in number. those that remain suffer high unemployment and have low skill/education levels and few prospects -> lower population with a lack of spending power causes a closure and further decline in local shops and services. the remaining population lack access to key services -> remaining population suffer social exclusion and deprivation.

Question 11

What additional issues may develop in areas that have experienced filtering?

Answer 11

> tarnishes peoples reputation due to where hey are from - can lead to stigma and discrimination
deters other investments such as new businesses decreasing the availability of jobs

Question 12

Explain the background information for the case study of deprivation: Ladywood, Birmingham.

Answer 12

Ladywood is an inner city location of Birmingham that developed in response to the growth of industry, canals and railways during the industrial revolution. Subsequent deindustrialisation resulted in physical, social and economic decline.

Question 13

What are the key headline figures about Ladywood’s social exclusion?

Answer 13

> In 2008 ‘The Campaign to End Child Poverty’ revealed that Ladywood has 81%, of families fighting for financial survival.
In July 2010, the BBC reported that Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all the constituencies in the UK.
In 2009/10, 25% of all violet crime (stabbings) in Birmingham occurred in Ladywood.
In 2016 the chairman of the children’s society stated that, at 37% the child poverty rate in Birmingham is the second highest in the UK’s major cities. In inner-city Ladywood that figure leaps to 47%.

Question 14

Whats the 2021 census data of economically active but unemployed in Ladywood and compared to the national average?

Answer 14

8.4% in Ladywood
2.8% national average

Question 15

Whats the 2021 census data of homes rented from council in Ladywood and compared to the national average?

Answer 15

75% in Ladywood
9% national average

Question 16

Whats the 2021 census data of no cars in household in Ladywood and compared to the national average?

Answer 16

55% in Ladywood
23% national average

Question 17

Whats the 2021 census data of no qualifications in Ladywood and compared to the national average?

Answer 17

29% in Ladywood
18% national average

Question 18

Whats the 2021 census data of single parent with dependent children in Ladywood and compared to the national average?

Answer 18

18% in Ladywood
7% national average

Question 19

What are Lorenz Curves and Gini Coefficients?

Answer 19

A Lorenz curve shows household income distribution in a given area. The process of deindustrialisation links to this as it can lead to large disparities of income between different parts of a city or between different cities within a country.

Question 20

What does a Gini Coefficient of a score approaching 0 mean?

Answer 20

Perfect Equality line

Question 21

What does a Gini Coefficient of a score approaching 1 mean?

Answer 21

Perfect inequality line

Question 22

What are enterprise zones?

Answer 22

Enterprise zones are designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and Government support. The objective is to encourage businesses to establish themselves in these areas, boost job creation and drive economic development.

Question 23

What are the benefits of Enterprise zones?

Answer 23

> Businesses locating to an enterprise zone can be entitled to a business rate discount of up to 100% over a five-year period which is worth up to £275,000 per business.
You can deduct the full cost from your profits before tax if expensive equipment is required to improve businesses on 8 zones in assisted areas.
If a business needs a new industrial building or a specific use building local development orders are simplified so planning permission and authority planning is easier.

Question 24

Summarise the aims of the Big City Plan and some of the areas that have been generated

Answer 24

The aims are to expand the city core area by over 25%, bring £2.1 billion to the economy each year, create 50,000 new jobs and over 1.5 million square meters of new floorspace by changing new street station, westside, snow hill district, east side and southern gateway.

Question 25

Summarise an example of an area/scheme in Birmingham that is currently being redeveloped and assisted by Enterprise zones

Answer 25

Southside is being redeveloped to create a cohesive area for everyone to enjoy through cultural venues, the Hippodrome and the Symphony hall; with the funding of £9 million from the Enterprise zone

Question 26

Paying the price for industrialisation - what’s the problem?

Answer 26

> Contamination of the air by smoke and chemical gases
Pollution of the landscape by industrial waste
Contamination of water source’s
Noise pollution by industrial machinery

Industrialisation was given priority over all other issues in the early nineteenth century industrial town. The contamination of the environment by biological and chemical agents took second place in peoples thinking, even when it affected their health. It was something which had to be tolerated or endured, part and parcel of the industry which gave them a living.

Question 27

Paying the price for industrialisation - what are the effects?

Answer 27

> Health problems - asthma, breathing difficulties
Conditions arising from lack of sunlight - rickets, stunted growth, pallid appearance
Environmental problems - destruction of plant life
Long distance pollution of forests and water sources
Acid rain
Hazardous piles of mining, metal work or chemical waste in a state of combustion
Noxious fumes causing nausea, headaches and lethargy.
Physical instability of mounds leading to the evacuation of homes
Storage of waste chemicals in lagoons or pits, hazardous to both people and wildlife.
sewers with outlets directly into brook or canal
Factory pollutants dumped in water sources
Harmful effluents polluting watershed
Sulphur liquors seeping from mound of waste alkali into water system
Damage to ecosystem and animal life
Lack of sleep due to ever present noise
School children unable to hear or be heard
Workers’ hearing problems often leading to deafness
Intrinsic part of industrial life but received little attention at a government level.

Question 28

Paying the price for industrialisation - what’s the outome?

Answer 28

Harsh conditions of industrial centres led to reform
> acts of parliament enabling change
> local action insufficient, lacked funding and resource’s
> legislative controls- inspectorate, monitoring, surveillance.
> New directions taken and standards set.

The improvement in health and environment controls we enjoy today is, to a large extent due to the price paid by industrial towns in the 19th century.

Question 29

Paying the price for industrialisation - Oldbury:

Answer 29

The black country was a cradle of the industrial revolution and of great economic significance to the UK in the 19th century. It supplied coal and iron to the industrial centre of Birmingham and items such as nails, locks and tools to many parts of the globe
The result of this productive industry was a massive amount of pollution for small Black Country towns such as Oldbury.

Question 30

Define the term deindustrialisation

Answer 30

Is the process by which there is a decline in the manufacturing industry within a country or region resulting in reduction of secondary sector employment and % contribution to GDP.

Question 31

Define the term inner city

Answer 31

The area near the centre of the city, especially when associated with social and economic problems.

Question 32

Define the term deprivation

Answer 32

The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities.

Question 33

Define the term filtering

Answer 33

A process by which social groups move from one residential area to another leading to changes in the social nature of residential areas.

Question 34

Define the term derelict

Answer 34

Abandoned buildings and wasteland