Changing places Unit 1 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What types of jobs would people have had in the local area over 100 years ago?
Farming/agriculture, mining, factory workers, manufacturing, chain making - metal work, glass industry
Why has the economy and employment in the black country changed?
Mechanisation - machines able to do the jobs people were once needed for.
Deindustrialisation and global shift - cheaper to manufacture in other countries
What is the primary industry?
The extraction of raw materials from the ground or the sea (natural environment). Includes farming, fishing, forestry and mining.
What is the secondary industry?
Is the manufacturing of goods using the raw material from primary industry e.g. steel making, chemical industries, car manufacturing or construction e.g. a house, a road or new airport.
What is the tertiary industry?
Does not produce anything, but involves the provision of different services to people and to other industries. These industries could be private sector e.g. banking, insurance, retail or public sector e.g. schools and hospitals( funded by the government) Aka the service sector.
What is the quaternary sector?
The knowledge-based sector, mainly found in HICs which is concerned with information and communication technology (ICT) and research and development. e.g. biomedical research, the creative industry - film making, music producers/writers.
What happens during the industrial phase of the Clarke fisher model?
During the industrial revolution 1800-1950.
The primary sector declines from 55% to 15%. Secondary sector peaks at 43% and dominates. Tertiary jobs are increasing from 16% to 50%. NEEs eg. China and Mexico
What happens in the pre-industrial phase of the Clarke fisher model?
2/3rds (70%) of population are employed in the primary sector which dominates. 20-30% secondary sector. 10-16% tertiary sector. Before the industrial revolution, before the 1800s. LICs eg. Burkina Faso, Chad - sub Saharan.
What happens in the post-industrial phase of the Clarke fisher model?
After the industrial revolution - after 1950. Tertiary sector dominates at 55% while primary(15-10%) and secondary(35-30%) sectors decline. Quaternary sector increases from 0-6%.
HICs eg. UK, Japan and USA.
Describe LICs based on the Clarke Fisher model
Poorest countries of the world where a high proportion of the active population works in primary industries. These countries tend to be in ‘Pre-industrial’ stage of the Clarke Fisher Model.
Describe NEEs based on the Clarke Fisher model
Countries that are experiencing industrialisation and rapid economic growth of secondary and tertiary sectors. These countries tend to be in the ‘industrial’ stage of the Clarke Fisher Model.
Describe HICs based on the Clarke Fisher mode
Wealthiest countries of the world where a high proportion of the active population works in tertiary and quaternary industry’s. These countries tend to be in the ‘Post-industrial’ stage of the Clarke Fisher Model.
How reliable is the Clarke Fisher Model?
Not all countries will follow the same pattern as landlocked countries such as Subsaharan Africa will stay in the pre-industrial stage as i port is needed to export goods and therefore manufacture and develop. Dubai is a HIC however it gets its money through the oil industry which is primary sector and tourism which is tertiary sector.
What are the key factors that led to a decline in the Primary employment in mining and agriculture?
> depletion of resources
cheap imports
mechanisation
social change and value of primary industry
government policy
What are the key factors that led to a decline in the secondary employment in manufacturing?
> globalisation
cheaper production in developing countries
mechanisation
government policies
Describe the British coal industry
Coal has been a key source of energy in the UK. It fuelled the industrial revolution, powered steam locomotives, heated homes and produced electricity in coal fire power stations. At its peak in the 1920s about 1.2million men were employed in coal mining pits across Britain. As the more accessible seams of coal became exhausted the cost of mining more difficult to access coal increased the cost of production. Coal became cheaper to import from other countries making the UK less competitive. In 2012 96% of our imported coal came from 3 countries: USA, Russia and Columbia.
How has government policy played a role in the demise of the British coal industry?
On march 6th 1984, under Margret Thatcher’s Conservative Government the National Coal Board announces they intended to close 20 coal mines, with a loss of 20,000 jobs, and many communities in the North of England as well as Scotland and Wales would lose their primary source of employment. This led to the infamous miners strike of 1984.
How have social attitudes to coal also further added to its decline?
The increasing concern about greenhouse gas emissions and global warming - coal is seen as a dirty fuel - for every megawatt hour of electricity produces, coal emits over 850kg of CO2 in contrast natural gas releases just 500kg.
Countries have legally binding CO2 emission targets set by climate conferences such as Kyoto in 1997.
The UK has subsequently shut many coal fires power stations: The UK currently has 10 coal fired power stations left- 4 have closed between 2015-2016. including iron bridge.
The development of cleaner renewable alternative energy sources such a wind power , has further aided the decline.
The UK has the worlds largest wind farm: The London Array, opened in July 2013 it is capable of powering over 500 000 homes.
8th June 2017 the UK produces more electricity from renewables than coal and gas for the first time.
How has the reduction of agricultural employment: mechanisation led to a decline in the primary industry?
Unlike other industries agriculture has continued to receive government support subsides and so hasn’t declined in terms of output but has seen dramatic declines in level of employment as machines have taken the jobs of people - the process of mechanisation.
In 1841, over one in five workers (22%) were in agricultural industry. In 2011, less than one in a hundred employed people (1%) worked in this industry.
The number of people working in agriculture has dramatically declined in the UK between 1911 and 2019 from 2.4 million to approximately 400,000.
Define deindustrialisation
Deindustrialisation is the process by which there is a decline in manufacturing industry within a country or region resulting in reduction of secondary sector employment and 5 contribution to GDP.
What’s the drop in people working in the manufacturing industries between 1966 and 2011?
In 1996 manufacturing industries in Britain employed 8 940 000 people, by 2011 the number had dropped to just 2 740 000.
Why has deindustrialisation occurred in the UK?
External factors ( factors outside of Britain)
> globalisation
> multi-national companies
> new production technology
Internal factors (factors inside Britain)
> loss of competitiveness
> lack of investment and financial factors
> human resource issues
What is an example of de-industrialisation that has occurred in the UK?
Longbridge car factory, Birmingham that has closed in 2005 with the loss of 6000 jobs.
Define globalisation
Globalisation is the process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and economies of the world. This process has in part been driven by Multi-National Companies - these are the global companies that dominate the global economy.