Changing places Unit 1

Question 1

What types of jobs would people have had in the local area over 100 years ago?

Answer 1

Farming/agriculture, mining, factory workers, manufacturing, chain making - metal work, glass industry

Question 2

Why has the economy and employment in the black country changed?

Answer 2

Mechanisation - machines able to do the jobs people were once needed for.
Deindustrialisation and global shift - cheaper to manufacture in other countries

Question 3

What is the primary industry?

Answer 3

The extraction of raw materials from the ground or the sea (natural environment). Includes farming, fishing, forestry and mining.

Question 4

What is the secondary industry?

Answer 4

Is the manufacturing of goods using the raw material from primary industry e.g. steel making, chemical industries, car manufacturing or construction e.g. a house, a road or new airport.

Question 5

What is the tertiary industry?

Answer 5

Does not produce anything, but involves the provision of different services to people and to other industries. These industries could be private sector e.g. banking, insurance, retail or public sector e.g. schools and hospitals( funded by the government) Aka the service sector.

Question 6

What is the quaternary sector?

Answer 6

The knowledge-based sector, mainly found in HICs which is concerned with information and communication technology (ICT) and research and development. e.g. biomedical research, the creative industry - film making, music producers/writers.

Question 7

What happens during the industrial phase of the Clarke fisher model?

Answer 7

During the industrial revolution 1800-1950.
The primary sector declines from 55% to 15%. Secondary sector peaks at 43% and dominates. Tertiary jobs are increasing from 16% to 50%. NEEs eg. China and Mexico

Question 7

What happens in the pre-industrial phase of the Clarke fisher model?

Answer 7

2/3rds (70%) of population are employed in the primary sector which dominates. 20-30% secondary sector. 10-16% tertiary sector. Before the industrial revolution, before the 1800s. LICs eg. Burkina Faso, Chad - sub Saharan.

Question 7

What happens in the post-industrial phase of the Clarke fisher model?

Answer 7

After the industrial revolution - after 1950. Tertiary sector dominates at 55% while primary(15-10%) and secondary(35-30%) sectors decline. Quaternary sector increases from 0-6%.
HICs eg. UK, Japan and USA.

Question 7

Describe LICs based on the Clarke Fisher model

Answer 7

Poorest countries of the world where a high proportion of the active population works in primary industries. These countries tend to be in ‘Pre-industrial’ stage of the Clarke Fisher Model.

Question 8

Describe NEEs based on the Clarke Fisher model

Answer 8

Countries that are experiencing industrialisation and rapid economic growth of secondary and tertiary sectors. These countries tend to be in the ‘industrial’ stage of the Clarke Fisher Model.

Question 9

Describe HICs based on the Clarke Fisher mode

Answer 9

Wealthiest countries of the world where a high proportion of the active population works in tertiary and quaternary industry’s. These countries tend to be in the ‘Post-industrial’ stage of the Clarke Fisher Model.

Question 10

How reliable is the Clarke Fisher Model?

Answer 10

Not all countries will follow the same pattern as landlocked countries such as Subsaharan Africa will stay in the pre-industrial stage as i port is needed to export goods and therefore manufacture and develop. Dubai is a HIC however it gets its money through the oil industry which is primary sector and tourism which is tertiary sector.

Question 11

What are the key factors that led to a decline in the Primary employment in mining and agriculture?

Answer 11

> depletion of resources
cheap imports
mechanisation
social change and value of primary industry
government policy

Question 12

What are the key factors that led to a decline in the secondary employment in manufacturing?

Answer 12

> globalisation
cheaper production in developing countries
mechanisation
government policies

Question 13

Describe the British coal industry

Answer 13

Coal has been a key source of energy in the UK. It fuelled the industrial revolution, powered steam locomotives, heated homes and produced electricity in coal fire power stations. At its peak in the 1920s about 1.2million men were employed in coal mining pits across Britain. As the more accessible seams of coal became exhausted the cost of mining more difficult to access coal increased the cost of production. Coal became cheaper to import from other countries making the UK less competitive. In 2012 96% of our imported coal came from 3 countries: USA, Russia and Columbia.

Question 14

How has government policy played a role in the demise of the British coal industry?

Answer 14

On march 6th 1984, under Margret Thatcher’s Conservative Government the National Coal Board announces they intended to close 20 coal mines, with a loss of 20,000 jobs, and many communities in the North of England as well as Scotland and Wales would lose their primary source of employment. This led to the infamous miners strike of 1984.

Question 15

How have social attitudes to coal also further added to its decline?

Answer 15

The increasing concern about greenhouse gas emissions and global warming - coal is seen as a dirty fuel - for every megawatt hour of electricity produces, coal emits over 850kg of CO2 in contrast natural gas releases just 500kg.
Countries have legally binding CO2 emission targets set by climate conferences such as Kyoto in 1997.
The UK has subsequently shut many coal fires power stations: The UK currently has 10 coal fired power stations left- 4 have closed between 2015-2016. including iron bridge.
The development of cleaner renewable alternative energy sources such a wind power , has further aided the decline.
The UK has the worlds largest wind farm: The London Array, opened in July 2013 it is capable of powering over 500 000 homes.
8th June 2017 the UK produces more electricity from renewables than coal and gas for the first time.

Question 16

How has the reduction of agricultural employment: mechanisation led to a decline in the primary industry?

Answer 16

Unlike other industries agriculture has continued to receive government support subsides and so hasn’t declined in terms of output but has seen dramatic declines in level of employment as machines have taken the jobs of people - the process of mechanisation.
In 1841, over one in five workers (22%) were in agricultural industry. In 2011, less than one in a hundred employed people (1%) worked in this industry.
The number of people working in agriculture has dramatically declined in the UK between 1911 and 2019 from 2.4 million to approximately 400,000.

Question 17

Define deindustrialisation

Answer 17

Deindustrialisation is the process by which there is a decline in manufacturing industry within a country or region resulting in reduction of secondary sector employment and 5 contribution to GDP.

Question 18

What’s the drop in people working in the manufacturing industries between 1966 and 2011?

Answer 18

In 1996 manufacturing industries in Britain employed 8 940 000 people, by 2011 the number had dropped to just 2 740 000.

Question 19

Why has deindustrialisation occurred in the UK?

Answer 19

External factors ( factors outside of Britain)
> globalisation
> multi-national companies
> new production technology

Internal factors (factors inside Britain)
> loss of competitiveness
> lack of investment and financial factors
> human resource issues

Question 20

What is an example of de-industrialisation that has occurred in the UK?

Answer 20

Longbridge car factory, Birmingham that has closed in 2005 with the loss of 6000 jobs.

Question 21

Define globalisation

Answer 21

Globalisation is the process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and economies of the world. This process has in part been driven by Multi-National Companies - these are the global companies that dominate the global economy.

Question 22

Products and the MNCs that manufacture particular types of products?

Answer 22

> Cars - Volkswagen, Toyota, ford
Electronics - apple, Samsung, Microsoft
Clothing - Zara, H and M, Nike, Gucci, Adidas
Food - Nestle, Kellogg’s, KFC

Question 23

Why do multi national companies now manufacture most products in developing emerging economies countries?

Answer 23

Because these countries have comparative advantages over HICs due to:
> much lower labour costs
> fewer employment laws/regulations
> hard working and often well-educated workforces
> cheaper land/factory construction costs
> relaxed environmental controls where pollution is less restricted
> government incentives such as the development of freeports and exports processing zones, where companies could operate with low level of taxation.

This movement of manufacturing from HICs to the developing world is known as global shift.

Question 24

Describe the process of Global shift

Answer 24

The process of global shift began in the 1950s to the newly industrialised countries such as the Asian Tigers economies of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore. Since the 1980s the recently industrialised countries such as China and Vietnam have experienced this economic change. Today we refer to these countries as emerging economies.

Question 25

How has new production technology - automation led to a reduction in the secondary industry?

Answer 25

Automation of manufacturing processes has contributed to a reduction in labour. This concept, developed in Japan, can be seen within in the car industry where increased automation (robotization) of the production line has meant fewer people are employed but not the number of cars manufactured.

Question 26

Why/How has loss of competitiveness: outdated factories, machinery and inaccessible locations led to de-industrialisation occurred in the UK?

Answer 26

In the 1980s Britain had many high-cost, uneconomic locations with outdated factories containing obsolete machinery, manned by high cost labour. Much British industry developed during the 19th century industrial revolution. It tended to be located around the modern transport systems of the time - namely the canal and railway networks. These industrial areas became densely developed with a mixture of industrial buildings and workers housing. Over time these areas became surrounded by residential developments during the 19th an 20th century as cities grew. Consequently by the 1950s most British industry was located in the inner city.

Question 27

How has lack of investment and financial factors led to de-industrialisation occurred in the UK?

Answer 27

During the 1970s and 80s British governments monetary policy created high interest rates. The typical bank rate during the 1970s and 1980s was 12% however it went as high as 17%. 2011- 0.5% now- 5.5%.
As it was hard to move factories/companies to modern places where transport of products is easier e.g: side of motorways, because they couldn’t afford to get a loan due to the high interest rates. Therefore, some companies were forced to stay where they were making them less efficient than their companies.

Question 28

Explain internal factor 3: human resource issue

Answer 28

During the 1970s and early 80s a strongly unionised and militant workforce in some manufacturing industries, resulted industrial action in the form of regular strikes. This reduced the productivity of British industry. Strikes due to high interest rates as it increases mortgage and therefore reduces disposable income.

Question 29

Whats the background summary of the decline of the British car industry?

Answer 29

> British Leyland was formed in 1975 from merging numerous separate car companies including: Morris, MG, Wolseley, riley, Austin, jaguar, rover, land rover and triumph.
British Leyland dominated the UKs car industry; it employed 128,000 people at 36 locations, and with a production capacity of one million vehicles per year.
British Leyland was a nationalised government owned company. It was hoped, by the labour government of the time, that by merging companies , greater efficiencies could be achieved by sharing of components.

Question 30

What are the problems and decline of the decline of the British car industry?

Answer 30

> British Leyland was plague by a strongly unionised and militant workforce, who regularly striked over working conditions; Birmingham Longbridge plant had 523 strikes in 30 months.
the strikes affected productivity so even when people wanted to buy British Leyland made car, they often couldn’t because the workforce was on strike. Consequently, customers switched to other manufacture’s such as ford, Vauxhall, VW or Renault.
A demoralised and disaffected workforce affected the build quality of cars made; appalling reliability led to unhappy customers and tarnished the reputation of even the more premier brands such as Jaguar and Rover.

Question 31

Explain the break up and privatisation of British Leyland

Answer 31

> The conservative government of the 1980s fought the unions by privatising many publically owned industries, including the car industry.
The privatisation strategy meant a sink or swim approach and if a company could not make money or seek new private investment, they were forced to close.
Brands such as Land rover, Jaguar, and Mini were successfully: Jaguar/land rover now owned by TATA and Indian company; Mini now owned by BMW a German company.
No companies were interested in purchasing brands such as Austin and Triumph and consequently they ceased to exist as car makers.

Question 32

What % of the workforce in Coventry were employed in the car related industries in the 1950s?

Answer 32

40%

Question 33

Britain has managed to maintain a car industry by attracting foreign direct investment- Japanese car manufactures have established car plants to access the EU market. Name these:

Answer 33

> Honda in Swindon established 1985 which employed 3500 it closed in 2019 due to the EU
Nissan in Sunderland, established in 1984, which employs 7000
Toyota in derby, established in 1989 which employs 3800

Question 34

What are the key points that describe the effect that Brexit may have on the car industry in the future.

Answer 34

> 2016 brexit vote
export cars to EU subject to import tax increasing cost
over 50% of exported cars from UK go to EU
manufactures in the UK may shift manufacturing to EU countries
2019 Honda closed car manufacturing plant in Swindon loss of 3500 direct jobs

Brexit= another internal factor threating further manufacturing decline.