Changing places Flashcards
the concept of a place has 3 factors to it
Location- ‘where’ is a place for example the coordinates
Locale- unlike location takes into account the effect that people have on their setting. a place is shaped by the people, cultures and customs within it.
sense of place- refers to the subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place. this may be completely different at another persons perspective.
-Glastonbury LOCALE
own unique character, home to a number of visitors for
-Glastonbury Abby
-Glastonbury Tor (known by national trust describes it as ‘one tt5the most spiritual sites in the country’)
-Glastonbury SENSE OF PLACE
great for people who are interested in paganism, religious connections or the King Arthur affiliation.
the Glastonbury festival also evokes emotion which takes place every year.
3 theoretical approaches to a place
descriptive approach - the idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct
social constructionist approach - sees the place as a particular product and social processes occurring at a particular time.
Phenomenological approach - this looks at the individual PERSONAL experiences of a place.
term ‘topophilia’ is a term to describe the affective bond between ‘people’ and ‘place’ and argued that it is through PERCEPTION + EXPERIENCE that we know a place
identity of a place (LOCALISM)
this is an affection that one has for a place. it rarely manifests itself in a political sense and can be demonstrated in ‘NIMBYISM’ (not in my backyard) this is when people are reluctant to change and development
identity of a place (REGIONALISM)
conscious of, and loyalty to a distinct region with a population that shares similarities
identity of a place (NATIONALISM)
loyalty and devotion to a nation, which creates a sense of national consciousness.
PATRIOTISM could be considered as an example of a place
what place in the UK shows identification in their area
Cornwall leads a campaign for a regional government. Mebyon Kernow party has led the campaign for the formation of the National Assembly for Cornwall.
the party believes the country of Cornwall with its own distinct
-identity
-language
-Heritage
they believe that they have the same right to self-rule as parts of the UK like Scotland.
what factors do people identify on a national level
-common language
-flag
-through cultural and sporting events
Glocalisation on a place
global capitalism has eroded local cultures and produced identical or homogenised places
-seen through global chains such as Starbucks
what is clown town
when a settlement where the high street is dominated by chain stores (AKA: PLACELESSNESS)
ANTI- Glocalisation
anti-costa campaign in Totnes, Devon in 2012, so multinational companies are also increasingly having to adapt to the local market.
McDonald’s franchise has over 36,000 restaurants in over 100 countries around the world
-in different countries, they adapt to different countries
-HINDU removed beef
-MUSLIM removed pork
what have Devon done to stop economic leakage
Devon - introduced a local currency with the aim of encouraging people to shop locally and keep money in the local economy.
-MADE OWN CURRENCY to aim to shop locally
-Also Bristol Pound in 2012 which was very successful
Belonging
one of the main reasons a place is seen as sustainable and successful.
Regeneration schemes now focus on the social environment > than on the built environment
factors affecting belonging AKA/KW: POSITINALITY
-age
-gender
-sexuality
-socio-economic status
-religion
-level of education
-race and ethnicity are linked to a place however ethnicity is a broader term which can be defined as belonging to a social group that has a common tradition such as language
why is London known for being so multicultural London
known for being one of the most diverse cities in the world that host
-the biggest Chinese new year festival outside china
-Vaisakhi (Sikh New Year)
-Shubbak festival of Arab culture
what did WADHURST, EAST SUSSEX win in 2023
won the best place to Live in 2023
what is a Transition town movement
founded as a response to the threat of climate change and the excessive use of oil
- it has also solved Glocalisation and the loss of identity
one of the leaders ROB HOPKINS (paraphrase)
if your street changed —> then the town would change —> enough people did so it would change the REIMAGINING / REBUILDING.
1200 Transitions worldwide and an increasing number of more are emerging with communities sharing:
-skills
-growing food
-providing skills
-fighting for inequality
what is an insider of a place
someone who identifies with that place and the more profoundly inside you are the stronger you identify with a place.
differences in place canary whalf insider/outsider
businessman would feel ‘in place’
homeless man would feel ‘out of place’
actions that are out of place
-graffiti on historical buildings
-litter
-crime
how media have painted a poor image about outsiders
lots of reports of migrants fleeing their home country to try and find a ‘better life’ however this has caused a refugee crisis to state power
media has used metaphors associated with blood and the use of this negative terminology has given a STIGMA TO MIGRANTS and people want to keep them out to keep CULTURE and PROTECT ‘OUR PLACE’
categories of a place
could refer to the geological distance between a place, or the emotional connection with a particular place and how comfortable a person feels in a place
near places - DO NOT mean familiarities and belonging to an area
far places- don’t always mean strange, uncomfortable and different as with travel + media places feel more globalised
2 different types of places
experienced place- person has spent time in this area
media place- place seen on social media/films/read about
factors affecting the character of a place
-socio-economic factors such as employment opportunities, amenities, education attainment, opportunities, income, health, crime rate, societies
-cultural factors such as heritage, religion, language
-mobility of the population for work and leisure
-political factors such as the role and strength of local councils or resident groups
-build environment land use, age and type of housing, building density, building materials
-location: urban or rural, proximity to other settlements, main roads and physical features such as rivers, coasts
-demographic factors: population size and structure (age and gender), ethnicity
-physical geography such as relief, attitude, aspect, drainage, soil and rock type
who are the agents of change
those who impact a place whether through living, working or trying to improve that place
(eg: residents, community groups, corporate entities, central and local government and the media)
what are endogenous factors
refers to internal factors of the place
-geology
-land use
-social and economic characteristics such as population size
what are exogenous factors
external factors affecting a place.
-demographic
-soci0-economic
-cultural characteristics of a place are shaped by shifting flows of people
-resources
-money and investment
examples of continuity and change at a variety of scales Medellin, Colombia
-a long-term period associated with drugs and violence and dubbed the most dangerous city in the world
-unemployment, crime and poverty were widespread and this in turn created SOCIAL INEQUALITY
HOWEVER
-become a model of regeneration and sustainability through long-term investments
—> Planners identified that accessibility was the key factor to integration which halted the long divide in social classes within the city. —> Even the poorest who live in shanty towns and they can now access the city boooooming economic city centre with GONDOLA down the valley/ series of outdoor escalators/METROBUS rapid transit system which has dedicated bus lanes
-education, and social programmes developed have been developed to help underprivileged children
-still problems with poverty rates falling but inequality in classes have rich and the poor has increased.
meaning and representation of a place
meaning- individual or collective perception of a place
representation- how a place is portrayed or seen in society
how has BELFAST changed inorder to rebrand
-city suffered during the 30 years of the troubles but has seen economic and commercial growth since the Good Friday peace agreement.
-rebranded into ‘quarters’
-titanic quarters is one of the largest brownfield sites in Europe and has the Titanic studios and more than 100 companies have been established there (Microsoft)
-tourism has brought in 6.5 million people = 450mil
-shows that this has been a success to change the image of Belfast as it is attractive and vibrant
re-imaging
dissociates a place with a bad past of either social deprivation, high crime, environmental pollution or industrial dereliction.
-can attract FDI
re-branding
redevelop and how they market themselves differently to create a NEW IDENTITY.
-can then attract FDI, tourism and residents
regeneration
the long-term process involving redevelopment and the use of social, economic and environmental action to reverse urban decline and create sustainable communties
Amsterdam (rebranding) Problems they face
Amsterdam has been threatened by different factors:
-competition from different cities in the Netherlands
-social and economic decline in some areas
-liberal towards drugs and prostitution (seen as inappropriate for investors)
-failed bid for the Olympics
Amsterdam (rebranding) strategies rebranding
-popular slogan ‘I Amsterdam’ —> positioned in front of the famous building Rijksmuseum
(pictured over 8000 times on sunny days)
-and the use of social media has created a positive image with it being one of the top 5 cities in Europe visited
qualitative data
non-numerical
subjective
quantitative
numerical
data that is fact
Geospatial data
information that describes objects, events or other features with a location on or near the surface of the earth.
positives about census data
The Office for National Statistics collects data every 10 years (since 1801).
This details the social and economic characteristics of the population.
It allows us to find out information about smaller areas (e.g. age and gender structure, ethnicity, level of economic deprivation).
Large scale, quantitative data on a national scales.
negatives of a census data
Snapshot in time (e.g. 2021 Census was during Covid pandemic).
People may select data to use for a particular purpose (skews it and becomes subjective).
Doesn’t tell us about human experience of a place.
maps (positives)
Show the location in relation to other places as well as the human and physical geography of an area (depending on the map chosen).
Show how we think or feel about a place.
maps (negatives)
Some places may appear larger on a map than they actually are.
Mapping tools such as Google Maps may direct people towards businesses that pay for advertising on their search page.
what is an interviews
Interviews can provide detailed insights into a person’s sense of place.
Could be with residents, local groups and stakeholders or outsiders.
interview (positives)
First hand, direct reports.
Can be structured or unstructured.
interviews (negatives)
Bias from the interviewer (leading questions).
People might not be honest.
Hard to get a full overview.
how does media represent a place
-TV, film, photography, art, books, newspapers and the internet.
-Have an increasingly large, global audience and are influential in shaping wider perceptions of place.
-‘near’ and ‘far’ places are becoming blurred as people could become attached to places they have never been to.
media - photographs
-Provide a visual representation of what a place might be like. Allows people to experience this from afar.
-The rise of Instagram and other social media platforms has meant that pictures could be photoshopped or filtered.
-The differences you may have seen of a place could be different due to weather, time or the season.
-Images can be selective in what they show - particularly if they are trying to market a place!
textual sources
-Novels may evoke a sense of place - the reader may feel as though they know what it is like to ‘be there’.
-Could be used in the promotion of a place (e.g. Thomas Hardy’s Dorset).
-Could portray a negative view of a place.
media - poetry
-Has long been used to describe and evoke a sense of place.
-Many famous poets are associated with particular places (e.g. William Blake describes poverty in industrial London).
-Could refer to places in a personal way, but also enable the reader to sense and imagine what the place is like.
-Obviously, these are very subjective and may refer to a very selective time period.
media - music
-Can help to evoke a sense of place.
-Different types of music may be associated with a particular place (e.g. Reggae in Jamaica).
-Song lyrics could also help to portray what different places are like. For example, Jay Z and Alicia Key’s song about New York.
media - TV and Film
-Places are a vital backdrop to most dramas.
-TV programmes and films can play a significant role in representing places positively and negatively.
-EastEnders (east end)
-Narcos (Medellin)
media - Art - Painting - Sculpture - graffiti
-Have long been used to represent place.
-Landscape paintings from the 18th and 19th centuries may give a romanticised vision of what was like then, particularly of rural areas in the countryside.
-Less accurate than photographs.
-However, they may allow a deeper understanding of a place because the painter has a personal connection to it.
Architecture
-Architects are responsible for planning places and this is seen as increasingly important in terms of creating sustainable places.
-Also plays a role in the regeneration and rebranding of a place.
-May use the existing heritage of an area (e.g. cranes at dockyards).
Or they might involve a more radical change as part of the rebranding process (e.g. the Bullring, Birmingham).
Digital places and use of gps
-The rise of digital technology has led to a discussion about ‘digital places’.
-Parallel interactive places such as Fortnite have existed for some time - these are virtual rather than real places.
-The development of GPS has meant that places become layered. Smartphones know where people are and can use this data to prove information or reviews about certain places.
-This can be used by different bodies (e.g the police, retailers and politicians).
Media representation of a place
-photographs
-textual sources (books)
-poetry
-music
-art
-TV and Film
-graffiti
-architecture
location of brick lane
Brick Lane is a street in east London, England, in the Borough of Tower Hamlets.
It is in the wider area of Spitalfields and Banglatown, and is north of the River Thames.
Brick lane locale/Human impact on the area?
-Brick/tile manufacturers
-A popular location for breweries
-Vibrant art and fashion scene
-Curry
-Muslim mosques amongst traditional and new shops, restaurants, markets and homes.
how has the area changed over time?
-Brick Lane was widened and improved after 1778.
-Brick Lane Market was developed during the 18th century for farmers selling livestock
-produce outside the City boundary and continues to this day on Sundays selling general goods.
-brewing industry was active in the area from around 1666
-was a Jewish dominant now changed to a Muslim community
brick lane characteristics which have been left off out of maps
-brick lane has lots of different graffiti on the walls
-lots of quirky building
History of brick lane
originally called Whitechapel Lane but changed due to the use of local earth used by brick and tile manufacturers in the 15th century.
-become very popular with breweries.
-In the 17th century lots of French Huguenots were driven out of France (the area became famous for WEAVING and TAILORING)
-in the 19th century it was known for its Irish and Jewish population
-in the 1990s the area was famous for its Bangladesh community. in some guidebooks, it said this was the place to go for a curry in London
what’s unique about brick lane
it has a -Huguenot church
-Methodist chapel
-Jewish synagogue
-Muslim mosque
brick lane demographic age
Notably high proportion of population in 20-40 year bracket. This is similar to other inner London areas and is due to the range of jobs available.
brick lane demographic ethnicity
41% Bangladeshi origin (higher than the borough average) and 41.5% Muslim.
lower average of white British
tower hamlets deprivation
-some areas in significant deprivation
-In 2010 many areas were in the most deprived 10% of England.
-However, now only 2 of the 20 wards in the borough are now in the 5 least deprived wards in London
deprivation in Brick lane improving
Spitalfields and Banglatown were ranked as the most deprived LSOA (lower super output area) in London in 2010 but there has been relative improvement since then.
In 2015 was in the 20% most deprived neighbourhoods in the country.
39% of children in poverty - almost double the national average.
-BUT in 2019 it was ranked 95 out of 633 of the LSOAs in the capital
the average house price in area
£645,042 - NOW
2010 - £91,678
2016 - £492,398 increase of 473% in 6 years
Why had deprivation in the inner areas of Tower Hamlets improved between 2010 and 2015?
Gentrification - poorer people have moved to the outskirts for lower housing costs and rents.
Why had deprivation in the inner areas of Tower Hamlets improved between 2010 and 2015?
Gentrification - poorer people have moved to the outskirts for lower housing costs and rents.
What is the crime rate in Brick Lane?
25.4 crimes per 1000 people. Double the borough average
most common crime
theft
education in Brick lane
In the area, 4 schools are needing requirement and 2 are inadequate.
life expectancy of brick lane (tower hamlets)
men = 79.92
women = 83.29
long term illness or disability in tower hamlets
One in five Tower Hamlets residents (22%) has a self-reported long-term illness, condition or disability. Of these, three-quarters (76%) are limited by it, meaning that 17% of all residents have a long-term limiting health problem.
poetry brick lane
Sally Flood - Tales from the East End, 1980s.
Local poet who shows Brick Lane as being very culturally diverse, but also includes many negative words such as ‘exploited’ and ‘bullies’.
Evaluation - a strong sense of place comes across however it is only one person’s point of view.
art in Brick Lane
lots graffiti art which is encourage within brick lane as it gives it a sense of character in which the artists have transformed the area to once a concrete jungle to a vibrant and quirky place.
-“Paradise Lost, in the Midst of Things” personally led project Jim was advised by the shopkeeper that a piece that was somehow relevant to the local community would be gratefully received.
So it is that this new work, a piece highlighting man’s destruction of the natural environment, deforestation to make way for mass monoculture crops, is a sobering reminder that we must not forget our connection with the earth. The piece also features a god like figure at it’s centre dividing the beauty of the natural world on the left with the destruction and fire on the right.
media representation
numerous websites devoted entirely to it, from best curry house to walking tours of the art
-‘the lonely planet’ writes “brick lane is vibrant mix of history and modernity, and a multitude of cultures. today its the centre piece of a thriving Bengali community in an area nicknamed Banglatown”
in contrast the website of the Old Truman Brewery describes itself as being “Home to a hive pf creative businesses as we as exclusively independent shops, galleries, markets, bars and restaurants
brick lane lived experience
Sarah Garnham - Student blogger who mentions Brick Lane e.g ‘Sunday’s in the East End’, Dec 2015.
Presented as vibrant and busy through Sunday market.
Evaluation - likely to be genuine however may be embellished to make it more interesting to read and heighten the sense of place. Only one person’s sense of place, and is that of someone who does not live there.
(Can be compared to Sally Flood)
Describe how ethnicity and demographics have changed in Brick Lane.
17th century - Influx of French Huguenots.
Haven for immigrants escaping persecution.
19th and 20th centuries were known for Irish and Jewish populations.
1970s - Bangladeshi immigrants moved in; predominantly unskilled labourers.
Bangladeshi population now mainly office workers, teachers or social workers.
how a church has changed throughout Brick Lane (interesting)
French Protestant church constructed in 1743. The building has since been used as a Methodist Chapel and the Machzikei Hadass Great Synagogue. In 1976 is was converted to the Jamme Masjid mosque.
Nickname ‘Banglatown’; weekly Bangladeshi Paper ‘Sylheter Dak’ has an office there.
Wimbledon How humans have change the area
->urbanisation, decrease in rural/farm land
->mixed use development
-> Development of new train station/cross rail/ change layout
-> Introduction of tennis —> kept rural perception mixed with an urban area
->less green space
->41 average age
history and background on
->taken down Golden statue at top of theatre to stop Nazi bombers from locating themselves while flying
->Locale 17th century-> rural area/farmland/lower class
->locale 19th century- > rapid growth -> apostles -> train workers -> royalty, ownership
->locale 20th century-> train station -> commercialisation -> shopping centres built -> better transport links -> schools
Demographic/quantitative data
-Wimbledon ranks 46/227 for quality of life
-air quality = 28 micrograms (good air quality)
-population = 68000
-census data = mainly white 74%, 5% Irish
-deprivation = little to no deprivation
-average age = 42
-SW19
-average house price in wimbs £1.5 mil
social characteristics
education = 10 schools/higher education
=70% above England average for English + maths 50%
-levels of education = degree over 50%
-crime data = total crimes feb 2023 = 92
-public health = 84 years life expectancy
-88% employment
lived experiences
-wimbledon golf members got paid out (80,000k)
-tennis championship
-wimbledon afc and MK dons
-cross rain –> traffic up
-less inderpendent shops buck –> hasans
wimbledon art
louise braithwaite art in Wimbledon that didn’t show the diversity of place
common —> doesnt show correct representation of the comon with nitric oxide canisters
Qualitative data
travel guides = walk paths for the common
- tennis championship = autobiography by Andre Agassi mentions Wimbledon
- artwork = art museum in Wimbledon
- media representation = wombles
- poetry - Mary gay kearnes -> poem about wimbledon common
- bloggers = mrs wimbledon - influential - positive things about day and lifestyle targeted at mothers
