Changes in pregnancy - musculoskeletal system + endocrine system Flashcards
What affect does pregnancy have to joints
Causes a ‘laxness’
What impact does the ‘laxness’ of joints have on the MSK
allows organs and joints to ‘shift’ but can also cause the development of the distinctive posture of pregnancy and pain around the back and pelvic area
What hormones impact the MSK
progesterone, oestrogen, prolactin, relaxin
What does the anterior pituitary produce
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); Luteinising hormone (LH); Growth hormone (GH); Prolactin (PRL)
What does the posterior pituitary store + release
Oxytocin, ADH, Vasopressin
How does the pituitary change in pregnancy
Increases 2/3 x its original size due to increased blood flow
What changes occur to prolactin
Number of prolactin secreting cells increase
How does oxytocin production change
Increases in 2nd half of pregnancy
Where is oestrogen produces
Corpus luteum until 8-10 weeks, then placenta from 8-12 weeks (small amounts by ovaries and adrenal glands)
Where is progesterone produced
Corpus luteum until 8-10 weeks then placenta from 8-12 weeks (small amounts by ovaries and adrenal glands
Describe the patterns in Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)
Increases as hCG levels fall + levels correlate with fetal + placental size - bigger fetus = higher levels
Where is relaxine produced
Corpus luteum, myometrium + placenta
When are relaxin levels highest in pregnancy
1st trimester
What does oestrogen do to endometrial growth
Promotes endometrial growth
What does oestrogen do to myometrial activity
Enhances myometrial activity
what does oestrogen do to prolactin production
stimulates pituitary to increase prolactin production
what does oestrogen do to myometrial vasodilation
promotes myometrial vasodilation - increasing blood flow through placenta
what does oestrogen do to the uterus
increases sensitivity of uterus to progesterone in later pregnancy
what does progesterone do to the endometrium
prepares endometrium for pregnancy/ implantation
what does progesterone do to fetus
development of fetus
how does progesterone impact breast tissue
promotes growth of breast tissue
how does progesterone impact lactation
prevents lactation
what does progesterone do to muscle
relaxation of smooth muscle
how is the hPL involved in the maternal immune system
involved in protection of fetus from rejection by maternal immune system
how is human placental lactogen involved in metabolism
increases maternal metabolism to enable greater glucose for fetal uptake
what impact does relaxin have on pelvis
softens the ligaments of pelvis
what does relaxin act with progesterone to do
maintain uterine quiescence
when are relaxin levels highest (trimester)
1st trimester
what does oxytocin prompt (uterus)
uterine contractions - uterotonic
what does oxytocin do to umbilical cord
constriction of umbilical cord vessels
how does oxytocin help with milk
works on muscle cells to expel milk and works before or during a feed to make milk flow
why is oxytocin called the love hormone
induces feeling of love and well-being. is key in relationship building
when are oxytocin levels highest
when baby is near - helped by sound, sight, smell of baby
what factors can inhibit the production of oxytocin
stress, pain
what is the role of prolactin on breasts
tells lactocytes to make milk
what does prolactin do to stress
produces calmness and reduces stress
how is prolactin triggered
through touch
when do prolactin levels peak
after a feed + at night
why does prolactin need to be stimulated early and frequently
to ensure long term production of milk
what hormone does prolactin work in combination with
oxytocin
where is lutenising hormone produced (LH)
anterior pituitary
what does LH do to ovaries
regulates the functions of the ovaries and stimulates ovarian follicles to produce oestradiol
what does LH stimulate ovarian follicles to produce
oestradiol
when are LH levels high
around day 14 - to make follicle tear
where is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) produced
anterior pituitary
what does FSH regulate
the function of the ovaries
what does FSH stimulate
the growth of the follicle
what day does FSH peak
day 14 to release oocyte
What does hCG stand for
Human chorionic gonadotrophin
where is hCG produced
the trophoblast
when is hCG present
day 7 following fertilisation - in maternal circulation
what does the hCG ensure the corpus luteum do
continues to produce progesterone until placenta formed
what does hCG help endometrium do
prepare for implantation
where is hCG visible
in urine + blood
what does low levels of hCG potentially show
failing pregnancy
