challenging religious changes 1533-37 Flashcards
where did religious changes 1533-37 stem from
stemmed from henry’s desire to annul his marriage to cathe rine of Aragon (having failed to provide an heir)- lead to the break from rome which included the dissolution of monasteries
what was the impact of the break from rome and dissolution of monasteries
-between 1533 and 37 henry denounced the authority of the pope in rome and created a church IN england, of which he was supreme head
who masterminded the break from rome
break from rome masterminded by cromwell
reinforced by a series of acts of parliament that legalised his actions (e.g 1934 act of supremacy)
who oppossed the break from rome
caused conflict between the conservatives and reformers at court
-the conservatives (led by bishop Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Howard) resited religious change and wished to keep the curch catholic
-the reformers (led by cromwell) were keen to move the church in a protestant direction
how was the rising discontent in the country once henry had supremacy (casualties of opposition)
-Sir thomas more (once henrys chancellor, and John Fisher Bishop of Rochester refused to accept suprmemacy and were executed in 1535
-high profile executions caused fear and suspicion
who remained loyal to the pope
-members of the regular clergy remained loyal to the pope
-tried to reinstate mary as she was barred from succession in 1534, to try restore rome
-Fransiscans and Carthusians (two monastic orders that remained loyal to the pope
importance of smaller monastries before dissolution
-the dissolvement of monatries would put the economic and social fate of may at risk…
-important part of spiritual life in england and also played a large social and economic role in local society
-monastic orders BENEDICTINES and CISTERCIANS usually lived in remote locations
-they prayed for the souls of the dead to shorten their time in purgatory, preformed good works socially and economically o derived parts of england (caring for poor, sick and elderly)
-monastries were local employers and landlords, many farmers leased land from the monks
-when north was hit by economic hardship, monastries provided vital relief
what were monastries wealth and power like before the dissolution
-high wealth and power
-controlled by foreign catholic orders, so monks owed obediece to the pope
-wealth of monastries and thewir estates and property were tempting for Henry, sissolving monastries would give a valuable source of income
main causes of the dissolution of monitories
-principal cause was financial, was a source of extra income through its land and estates
-monastic orders owed loyalty to †he pope
-humanists condemned monastries as a drain on the countries wealth and the monastic vocation had declined
what was the process of dissolution
-1535 valor ecclesiaticus, a survey of all monastries in the UK (of their property, wealth and condition)
-cromwell sent these surveyors
-destruction of monasteries, many became worried their churches were under threat, like in LOUTH
what statistics did the valor ecclesiaticus record
-annual income of the curch was around £380,000
-recorded misconduct of monks and nuns to validate closing them
religious causes of 1536 rebellions
-dissolution of monastruies sparked lincolnshire rebellion which happened in Louth
-anger about the henrican reformation- religious policy in the hands of evangelicals, cromwell and crammer
-cromwell attacked traditional beliefs and practices, like worship of saints- many thought their traditions would prepare them for afterlife so this caused fear
PILGRAMMAGE OF GRACE
-name pilgrammage alludes to peaceful traditonal pilgrammages
-carried a benner that depicted 5 wounds of christ
-demands were a focus on religion
social and economic causes of 1536 rebellions
-northern parts of england suffered from social and economic hardship, and monastries had provided support
-northern economic issues were made worse by 1534 demands for taxation
-method used to collect tax created restment as commissioners had to enquire about each persons ability to pay
-other tensions were demands placed on them by landlords, some tenants forced off land by their landlords (due to entry fines and enclosure) a particular grievance in york
-increased rebellion as poorer people like peasents and agricultuiral workers joined in
political causes of 1556 rebellion
-although not effected by economic reasons (tax etc) some members of the northern nobility and gentry joined the revolts
-Sir Thomas Percy (brother of the earl of northumberland) and Lord Darcey were amongst those who joined
-involvement of nobility suggests it was a court based plot by the conservative faction (who wanted to reinstate princess mary and remove cromwell)
-Hussey (nobility involved) had catholioc beliefs
what did earl of northumberland do during 1536 rebellions
-earl of northumberland didnt actively aid the rebels but did nothing to stop them and surrendered Wressle castle to the rebels
possible reason for invlvement of the nobility and genrtry in uprisings
-The act of uses, 1535 was an attempt of henry and crowell to prevent landowners from avoiding financial demands made by their king as their feaudal overlord
-henry was technically the feudal owner of england so that would make them his tenants
events of lincolnshire rising, 1556
-began in Louth, townspeople rioted upon rumours that king intended to close towns church and a nearby monastery
-rumours believed as cromwells clergy made a visitation
-they had invested substantial money into the church
-the vicar of louth, thomas kendall, made it worse when he claimed they were going to: confiscate the treasures of the parish churches in england, tax baptisms, marriage and funerals
-news of riot in louth spread to neighboring towns and villages and riots broke out in Caistor, Horncastle and Sleaford
-in horncastle, the bishop of Lincolns chancellor was murdered by an angry mob
-rioters joined forces and 10,000 marched on Lincoln, hoping to present the king with a list of their demands
-lord hussey fled and didnt stop rebels
-henry VIII dispatched an army under the duke of suffolk to put it down, with the arrival of the army the rebellion collapsed
-denied effective leadership, people went home
the act of dissolution of smaller monasteries 1536
commisions of the valor led to rumours that the gov intended to dissolve the monasteries and seize their wealth
act stipulated that all religious houses with an annual income of less than £200 should have their property passsed to the crown
300 houses fell under tgis catagory and were dissolved
the destruction of remaining monasteries 1538-40
-continued to close monastries dureing 1536-37, stopped temporarily during pilgrammage of grace
-when rebellion crushed dissolution started again
-by the time the act of the dissolution of the greater monasteries was passed in 1539, few monastic institutions remained
-all closed by 1940
who supported the lincolnshire rising
-attracted support from cross section of society, began amongst the commons
-leader, shoemaker nicholas melton. melton was joined by the vicar at the church of louth and one monk from dissolved abbey in louth
-other monks joined the rebels, soome monks were executed for their involvement
-lincolnshire parish clergy got involved
-local gentry joined after the rebellion had begun- gentry support meant rebellion could gain momentum
motivation of the gentry to join lincolnshire rebellion
-they resented the act of Uses
-some gentry would have resented gov religious policy
-some claimed they joined the rebellion to stop it from being dangerous (written by gentry in letters top the duke of suffolk)
threat of lincolnshire rising to henrys government
-involvement of the gentry
-when 10,000 rebels marched to Lincoln, nobles fled
-members of clergy and monks involvement added seriousssness
-fast speed in building momentum and strong level of organisation
-lincolnshire rebels in contact with rebels from Yorkshire (henry fortunate york didnt want to rise when lincolnshire broke out
failures of lincolnshire rising to threatening henrys government
-shut down as quickly as it began
-royal army marched with the duke of suffolk
-when threatened with punishment, gentry leadership backed down (lack of gentry support meant that when duke of suffolks troops arrived he was able to persuade the rebels to go home)
-gentry unwilling to risk lives and properties for rebellion
-nobility didnt join rebellion
pilgramage of grace 1536 aims and motives
-linked to dissolution of smaller monastries and religious reform
-anger of the commons in response tp the grievances of the clergy
events of pilgrammage of grace
-as lincolshire rising collapsed, people of yorkshire rose in rebellion (10,000 at this point)t recieved no help from king and joined rebellion
-captured pontrefact, lor Darcey who was trying to defend prontrefrac
-fueled by rumours of monastic closures and encouraged by the lincolnshire rising
-lawyer, Robert Aske, assumed control over the uprising and encouraged the idea of a ‘pilgrammage’. placed more emphasis on defending the church and monasteries
-as rebels moved they recruited additional followers, including members of the gentry- Sir william bapthorpe and thomas Percy
-seen rebels numbered 30,000
-king didnt initially recongise its seriousness as he was peoccupied with regaining control of lincolnshire
-royal army under Thomas Howard took a month to arrive (they were also outnumbered)
-howard arranged a truce and allowed rebels to submit a list of their complaints (PONTREFACT ARTICLES SUBMITTED)
-howard arranged a meeting to review these claims, and henry issued a general pardon whilst he considered the articles BUT before he came to a decision, rising broke out again (lead by Bigod), revolt was put down and resulted in arrest for treason of aske
what were the pontrefact articles
-howard arranged a truce and allowed rebels to submit a list of their complaints (PONTREFACT ARTICLES SUBMITTED)
strengths of pilgramage of grace
-30,000 supporters and many had recent ilitary expperience in wars against scotland (speed of gathering0
-henrys military resources were overstretched (was only 8,000)
-henry realised threat of rebellion too late (was distracted by restoring lincolnshire) - gave rebels more time to prepare strategy
-nobility becae involved (like Hussey, lord darcy and Percy family)
-had a c lear leader and good organisation
failures of pilgrammage of grace rebellion
HENRYS TACTICS
-whilst considering articles he iissues a. pardon , and rebels began to disperse
-aske was convinced of henrys good intentions after he was recieved in court in London courteously
-henry was biding his time to get revenge
-he managed to expolit distrust between gentry and commons
-henry used patronage to reward men like the cliffords who stood by his side
AIMS
-not interested in removing henry from throne
who was bigod
-1537
-led by Sier Francis Bigod
-was an unlikely rebel as was protestant and had been one of cromwells agents
-was a Justice of Peace
-helped compile the Valor and enforced royal supremacy
-initially oppossed pilgrammage of grace BUT wanted monastries reformed, not dissolved
-persuaded to join cause after being captured by the rebels
bigods rising
-1537
-led by Sir Francis Bigod
-occured once the pilgrims realised Henry’s pardon had tricked them
-was unsuccessful and brief
-CAPTURED BEVERLY, EAST YORKSHIRE and planned to capture hull
-captured in cumberland
-not many followers
-gave excuse for henry to punish rebels
supporters of the pilgrammage of grace
-leader: lawyer, robert aske
-largest mass rebellion , 30,000 supporters
-nobility, gentry, clergymen, monks, common people: mix of class shown in mix of demands, from religion to tax
-influrntisal rebels: Lord darcy, Lord Hussey and Sir thomas Percy (thomas and darcey had conservatice sympathies)
-significajce of the percy family: allowed it to gain momentum as more perceys joined (henry challenged theirn power in 1530s so they rebelled)
-STARTED WITH COMMONS BEFORE NOBLES JOINED
-many church involvements, seen in executions after
how many religious figures involved in POG were executed
38 monks, 6 abbots, 16 parish priests
askes leadership
framed it as a pilgrammage
word grace meant favour from god
peaceful and lyal to henry emphasis
-was decieved by Henry, led to bigots rebellion and ended in his arrest despite not suporrting it
cromwells role in the supression of 1536 rising
-fairly limited, despite his religious policies being a main target (vital role played i. the henrican reformation)
-used monastic involvement in uprisings to close larger monastries (associated them with treason)
-from 36-37 he encouraged voluntary closures
-those who willingly surrendered their monastries to the crown were rewarded with pensions
-ordered preists to discourage relics
-1539 cromwells religious reforms published in the bible
-rebellions did not discourage cromwell from dissolution and religious reform
duke of norfolk role in 1536-37
-persuaded henry to negotate not fight
-helped get rebels to disperse
-was sent north again in 1937 with an armed force
-exploited increasing divisions between class by recruiting former pilgrims into his council
-persuaded aske to go to court, men trusted norfolk
-arrested aske and percy
-imposed martial law and punished rebels himself
-brought an end to the rebellion
consequences for rebels
-henrys anger reflected in severity of punishment
-74 died undier martial law
-144 were executed
-those executed included Hussey, Darcy, Percey and bigod
-percy estates placed in royal hands
reorginisation of north
henry and cromwell in response reorginised the council of bthye north
