chain of infection + epid of noncommunicable and communicable diseases

Question 1

a person with inapparent infection who is capable of transmitting the pathogen to others

Answer 1

carrier

Question 2

never experience symptoms despite being infected

Answer 2

asymptomatic or passive or healthy carrier

Question 3

can transmit the agent during the incubation period before clinical illness begins

Answer 3

incubatory carriers

Question 4

have recovered from their illness but remain capable of transmitting to others

Answer 4

Convalescent carriers

Question 5

continue to harbor a pathogen such as hepa b virus or salmonella typhi for months or even years after their initial infection

Answer 5

chronic carriers

Question 6

Science concerned with various factors and conditions that influence the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defect, disability and death among groups of individuals.

Answer 6

Epidemiology

Question 7

Indicator of how long a population is expected
to live on average (number of years the average person lives)

Answer 7

Life expectancy

Question 8

Reveals the true health of a population (quality of life)

Answer 8

Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE)

Question 9

The four main Non-communicable diseases:

Answer 9

1. Cardiovascular diseases
2. Cancers
3. Diabetes
4. Chronic lung diseases

Question 10

Is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its
toxic products that is transmitted to a susceptible host by
direct or indirect contact, through a vehicle or vector, or as an
airborne infection.

Answer 10

Communicable disease

Question 11

A process that begins when an agent leaves its reservoir or host
through a portal of exit, and is transported by some mode of
transmission, then enters through an appropriate portal of entry
to infect a susceptible host.

Answer 11

Chain of infection

Question 12

The period from exposure to infection to the onset of symptoms
or signs of infectious disease.

Answer 12

Incubation period

Question 13

The length of incubation period depends on:

Answer 13

• The portal of entry
• The rate of growth of the organism in the host
• The dosage of the infectious agent
• The host resistance

Question 14

The time during which an infectious agent may be transmitted directly or indirectly from an infected person to a susceptible person or animal.

Answer 14

Period of communicability

Question 15

The ability of an agent to invade and multiply (produce infection) in a susceptible host.

Answer 15

Infectivity

Question 16

The proportion of exposed susceptible persons who
become infected.

Answer 16

Secondary attack rate

Question 17

Secondary attack rate =

Answer 17

Number of secondary cases / number of susceptibles x 100

Question 18

Is the ability of the organisms to produce specific clinical
reaction after infection

Answer 18

Pathogenicity

Question 19

It refers to the proportion of infected persons who develop
clinical disease.

Answer 19

Pathogenicity

Question 20

Ratio of clinical to sub-clinical case =

Answer 20

Clinical cases / sublinical cases

Question 21

It refers to the ability of organisms to produce severe pathological reaction.

Answer 21

Virulence

Question 22

It is the proportion of persons with clinical disease who become
severely ill or die (mortality).

Answer 22

Virulence

Question 23

Case fatality rate =

Answer 23

Total number of deaths from a disease / total number of cases of that disease x 100

Question 24

Ability of an organism to produce an immune response that
provides protection against re-infection with the same or
similar agent.

Answer 24

Immunogenicity

Question 25

Person that comes to the attention of public health authorities.

Answer 25

Index case

Question 26

Person who acquires the disease from an exposure.

Answer 26

Primary case

Question 27

Person who acquires the disease from an exposure to the primary case.

Answer 27

Secondary case

Question 28

Relies on mechanisms tha exist before infection

Answer 28

Innate (Non-adaptive)

Question 29

Relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection

Answer 29

Acquired (Adaptive)