2019 with ratio

Question 1

Hemodynamic assessment of the improvement of dengue hemorrhagic should be based on the following parameters EXCEPT:

A. Mental status
B. Platelet count
C. Capillary refill time
D. Blood pressure

Answer 1

B. Platelet count

Question 2

Among the following chronic illnesses, which contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease?

A. Liver disease
B. Tuberculosis meningitis
C. Schizophrenia
D. Glomerulonephritis

Answer 2

D. Glomerulonephritis

Question 3

In patients with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, the sign that indicates plasma capillary leak is:

A. Thrombocytopenia
B. Hemoconcentration
C. Neutropenia
D. Granulocytopenia

Answer 3

B. Hemoconcentration

Question 4

To ensure success of TB treatment program, the following should be one EXCEPT:

A. Give the entire supply of drug required for entire duration of treatment
B. Ask patient to sign a non-disclosure agreement.
C. TB drugs should be stored in secured, clean and cool place.
D. Observe first expiry, first out (FEFO) policy

Answer 4

A. Give the entire supply of drug required for entire duration of treatment

• Drugs should be given intermittently and must be directly observed by health partners if taken.
• Maintaining ​confidentiality (non-disclosure agreeement) ​ is a key component of this relationship.
• Confidentiality refers to the ​protection of all patient information​, including patient records and information discussed or identified during patient-health care worker encounters.
• Promote air circulation in the storage room – high ceilings with vents; ​if feasible, install air conditioner​, an exhaust fan, or a window or air vents. Allow more space between shelves. Leave adequate space (about 10-15 cm) between the walls and the shelves or stack of medicines for better circulation. Monitor and record daily the temperature in the storage area.
• Practice ​“First Expiring, First Out” (FEFO)​ to avoid expired medicines and wastage.

Question 5

Acute flaccid paralysis is secondary to:

A. Guillain Barre syndrome
B. Poliomyelitis
C. Multiple sclerosis
D. Spinal cord transection

Answer 5

B. Poliomyelitis

Question 6

The Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS) is a comprehensive strategy to cure tuberculosis. It employs the following except:

A. Microscope
B. Political commitment
C. Drugs for TB
D. Salary of treatment partners

Answer 6

D. Salary of treatment partners

> The 5 Elements of DOTS:
1. Political commitment​ with increased and sustained financing
2. Case detection through quality-assured bacteriology (first using ​sputum smear microscopy​ and then culture and drug susceptibility testing)
3. Standardized treatment, with supervision and patient support
4. An ​effective drug supply​ and management system
5. Monitoring and evaluation system, and impact measurement

Question 7

Which of the following interventions is primary prevention?

A. Papsmear test
B. Antihypertensive drugs
C. Exercise regularly
D. Stroke rehabilitation program

Answer 7

C. Exercise regularly

Question 8

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity in the Philippines. The DOH promotes the following as means of protecting water from contamination during handling, transport and storage EXCEPT:

A. Always use clean water containers provided with cover.
B. Avoid hand contact with water during transport.
C. Wash containers after every use.
D. Clean and disinfect storage tanks at least once a year

Answer 8

D. Clean and disinfect storage tanks at least once a year

> Ways of protecting water from contamination during handling, transport and storage:

• always use clean water containers provided with cover
• wash containers after every use
• clean and disinfect storage tanks ​at least every quarter
• avoid hand contact with water during transport

Question 9

In the Health Belief model for Health Promotion and Disease prevention, which of the following is not done?

A. Identifying government policies and ensuring these are followed by the community
B. Communicating to the community the steps that are involved in taking the recommended action
C. Providing assistance in identifying and reducing barriers to action
D. Conducting a health needs assessment to identify who are at risk

Answer 9

A. Identifying government policies and ensuring these are followed by the community

Question 10

Which type of antimicrobials require pre-authorisation from an Infectious Disease Consultant or Antimicrobial Stewardship Clinician as a type of interventional strategy to control antimicrobial resistance?

A. Regular antibiotic
B. Monitored antimicrobial
C. Narrow spectrum antibiotics
D. Restricted antimicrobial

Answer 10

D. Restricted antimicrobial

Question 11

In the monitoring of the TB DOTS program, the following are monitored except:

A. Annual treatment cost
B. Number of screened family members
C. Total number of TB cases counted
D. Inter-hospital referral rate

Answer 11

A. Annual treatment cost

Question 12

In patient with Dengue Hemorrhagic Shock, in addition to IV crystalloids and colloids, which of the following is given?

A. FFP
B. Dopamine
C. Steroids
D. Platelet concentrate

Answer 12

B. Dopamine

Question 13

In patients with Dengue, a classical rash of “Isles of white in the sea of red” is seen during which phase?

A. Febrile
B. Critical
C. Viremia
D. Recovery

Answer 13

D. Recovery

Question 14

Jojo, 5 year old, is diagnosed with dengue with warning signs. The following symptoms may be present, except:

A. Ascites
B. Thrombocytosis
C. Lethargy
D. Mucosal bleeding

Answer 14

D. Mucosal bleeding???

> Warning signs:
1. Abdominal tenderness or pain
2. Persistent vomiting
3. Clinical signs of fluid accumulation
4. Mucosal bleeding
5. Lethargy, restlessness
6. Liver enlargement
7. Laboratory: Increase in hematocrit, decreasing platelet count

Question 15

The hospital antibiotic policy under the antimicrobial stewardship program should address the following, except:

A. Clinical guidelines for antibiotic treatment of common infections, surgical prophylaxis
B. List of restricted and monitored antimicrobials
C. Actual cost implication for the patient
D. Measure to monitor antimicrobial use

Answer 15

A. Clinical guidelines for antibiotic treatment of common infections, surgical prophylaxis

> The antibiotic policy is essentially for prophylaxis, empirical and definitive therapy. ​The policy shall incorporate specific recommendations for the treatment of different high-risk/special groups such as immunocompromised hosts; hospital-associated infections and community-associated infections.​

Question 16

Heart disease remains the number 1 cause of mortality in the Philippines. The following factors can be modified, except:

A. Smoking
B. Diet and exercise
C. Genes
D. Alcohol consumption

Answer 16

C. Genes

Question 17

According to the Manual of Operation for the National Tuberculosis Control Program, the codes for the TB drugs are H - Isoniazid 200 mg, R - Rifampicin 450 mg, Z - Pyrazinamide 1g, E - Ethambutol 800 mg. The number before the treatment plan indicated the number of months. Jojo, 32 year old male, started coughing chronically. His sputum examination revealed smear, (+) case. Jojo should receive:

A. 2HR + 4HRZE
B. 4HR + 2HRZE
C. 4HRZE + 2HR
D. 2HRZE + 4HR

Answer 17

D. 2HRZE + 4HR

> The effective regimen for new PTB cases (without risk factors for drug resistance) is 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol (2HRZE) as intensive phase followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin (4HR) as continuation phase or Category I (2HRZE/4HR) regardless of bacteriologic status.

Question 18

The number one cause of morbidity in the Philippines is Acute Respiratory Infection. DOH recommends the following supportive measures EXCEPT:

A. Treat fever
B. Increase oral fluid intake
C. Continue feeding
D. Take antibiotics

Answer 18

D. Take antibiotics

> Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 in developing countries. Pneumonia is the most serious of these infections but often can be treated with affordable antibiotics.

Treatment:
● If antibiotic is needed, health workers must be consulted.
● Supportive measures include ​increased oral fluids ​to prevent dehydration, ​continued feeding ​to avoid malnutrition and ​anti-pyretics ​to reduce high fever.

Question 19

The Mandatory Infant and Child Health Immunization Act of 2011 (RA 10152) provides basic immunization for children under 5 years old. This includes vaccination against the following diseases, EXCEPT:

A. Hepatitis B
B. Tuberculosis
C. Poliomyelitis
D. Dengue

Answer 19

D. Dengue

> The mandatory basic immunization shall be given for free at any government hospital or health center to infants and children up to five (5) years of age.

Question 20

One model explaining the disease causation is the epidemiologic triad. Select the item not included in the triad:

A. External agent
B. Host
C. Microorganism
D. Environment

Answer 20

C. Microorganism

Question 21

Choose the data NOT needed in dose optimization of antibiotics under the antimicrobial stewardship program.

A. Site of infection
B. Presence of foreign body
C. Causative organism
D. Cost of antibiotic treatment

Answer 21

D. Cost of antibiotic treatment

> Dose optimization involves “optimization of antimicrobial dosing based on patient characteristics (e.g., weight, renal/liver function), causative organism, site of infection (e.g., central nervous system, blood) and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the drug (e.g., concentration or time dependent activity).

Question 22

In passive immunity, this immunoglobulin is located in the mucosal and epithelial surfaces such as gastrointestinal tracts and respiratory tract.

A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgE

Answer 22

A. IgA

Question 23

Choose the hand hygiene method that is ineffective in the presence of dirt, soil or food.

A. Bar soap
B. Betadine soap
C. Liquid soap
D. Alcohol based hand rub

Answer 23

D. Alcohol based hand rub

Question 24

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of ________.

A. Niacin
B. Thiamine
C. Riboflavin
D. Ascorbic acid

Answer 24

B. Thiamine

> Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological disorder resulting from ​thiamine deficiency​. The classic triad of confusion, ataxia, and oculomotor palsies is uncommon in clinical practice.

Question 25

According to studies, the single most effective way to prevent spread of infection is ____.

A. Use alcohol based-sanitizer
B. Use betadine soap daily
C. Handwashing with soap and water
D. Clean surface area with antiseptic

Answer 25

C. Handwashing with soap and water

Question 26

Immunization, by preventing outbreak of disease can reduce health-care related expenditure _________.

A. Number of work days loss
B. Hospitalization
C. Prescription medications
D. Healthcare provider visits

Answer 26

B. Hospitalization

Question 27

According to the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, point of care intervention includes the following except:

A. Dose optimization
B. Seventh day automatic stop
C. De-escalation or streamlining
D. Switch from IV-to PO

Answer 27

B. Seventh day automatic stop

Question 28

Which of the following lipid profile is better if they occur in higher levels?

A. LDL
B. Triglyceride
C. Total cholesterol
D. HDL

Answer 28

D. HDL

> Normal values:
Low: <40 mg/dL or < 1.3 mmol/L.
Optimal: >60 mg/dL or > 1.5 mmol/L.

Question 29

Prevention of deficiency states has been answered by fortification of food. Select the incorrect fortification done by DOH.

A. Vitamin C in cereals preventing scurvy
B. Iodine in salt preventing goiter
C. Fluoride ion in water reducing dental carries
D. Vitamin D in milk preventing rickets

Answer 29

A. Vitamin C in cereals preventing scurvy

Question 30

Eradication of TB in the Philippines will require the following EXCEPT:

A. Cost of the program funded by the Philippine Government
B. Evaluate the efficacy of the available measures by comparing observed results with expected results
C. Evaluate the factors that determines the persistence of TB in the Philippines.
D. Duration of efficacy of TB vaccine given to the population

Answer 30

D. Duration of efficacy of TB vaccine given to the population

Question 31

To help prevent amebiasis spread in the home, the following can be effective EXCEPT:

A. Wash hand thoroughly with soap and water
B. Clean bathroom and toilet often
C. Used betadine antiseptic in cleaning hands
D. Avoid sharing towels

Answer 31

C. Used betadine antiseptic in cleaning hands

Question 32

Prevention of hookworm is achieved by the following except ____.

A. Promoting the use of slippers and not to walk barefoot
B. Perform mass deworming of the community
C. Treat patients metronidazole and iron supplementation
D. Promoting to use latrines and decreasing outdoor defecation

Answer 32

C. Treat patients metronidazole and iron supplementation

Question 33

In the Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) cycle, the step after appraise is____.

A. Ask
B. Apply
C. Acquire
D. Assess

Answer 33

B. Apply

ASK the answerable clinical question.
ACQUIRE the most relevant and best evidence to answer the question.
APPRAISE the evidence critically for validity, relevance, and applicability.
APPLY the evidence, along with critical expertise and the patient’s preferences and values.
ASSESS the effectiveness and efficiency of the previous four steps and seek ways to improve one’s ability to ask, acquire, appraise, and apply.

Question 34

Scabies prevention except:

A. Bedding, clothing, and towels used in the last three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer
B. Spraying fogs is advised in the community
C. Treatment should include entire household
D. Avoid skin contact with infected person

Answer 34

B. Spraying fogs is advised in the community

Question 35

Pinworm is the most common parasitic infestation. Patients complain of lack of sleep because of anal itching episodes at night. To prevent infection, re-infection and spread, the following are necessary steps EXCEPT:

A. Treatment of all members of the household if somebody is sick
B. Washing of all personal items with warm water each dose of medication
C. Treatment with antibiotics such as Metronidazole given weekly
D. Daily bath in the morning and daily changing of underwear

Answer 35

C. Treatment with antibiotics such as Metronidazole given weekly

Question 36

In an outbreak investigation, a cohort study will determine:

A. Sensitivity
B. Odds ratio
C. Relative risk
D. Specificity

Answer 36

C. Relative risk

• The measure of association between exposure and disease in cohort studies is the relative risk.
• The relative risk is the ratio of the incidence rate of index subjects to that of control subjects.

Question 37

In an outbreak investigation, case-control studies can provide the:

A. Odds ratio
B. Sensitivity
C. Relative risk
D. Specificity

Answer 37

A. Odds ratio

Question 38

During an outbreak investigation, the following information are components of the case definition EXCEPT:

A. Cost of treatment of the illness
B. Time based on incubation period
C. Location of expected exposure
D. Type of illness the person is experiencing

Answer 38

A. Cost of treatment of the illness

• A case definition includes criteria for person, place, time, and clinical features. These should be specific to the outbreak under investigation.

Question 39

Preventing E. histolytica on an endemic level can be achieved by:

A. Proper hygiene
B. Handwashing
C. Sewage disposal
D. Use of lactrines

Answer 39

A. Proper hygiene

Question 40

The communities in the Mountain Provinces still continue to chew betel nut which has been associated with cancer of the mouth. It does not help that chewing betel nut is a show of camaraderie among people if the community. Identify the type of determinant towards a health life shown in this example.

A. Predisposing factor
B. Enabling factor
C. Hindering factor
D. Reinforcing factor

Answer 40

D. Reinforcing factor

• Reinforcing factors​, are the people and community attitudes that support or make difficult adopting healthy behaviors or fostering healthy environmental conditions. These are largely the attitudes of influential people: family, peers, teachers, employers, health or human service providers, the media, community leaders, and politicians and other decision makers. An intervention might aim at these people and groups – because of their influence – in order to most effectively reach the real target group.

Question 41

Lung cancer prevention program of DOH except:

A. Rules on labelling and advertisement of cigarettes
B. Smoking is prohibited in all DOH and LGU premises
C. Anti-alcohol campaign
D. Anti-smoking campaign

Answer 41

C. Anti-alcohol campaign

Question 42

Select the “never event” among the following errors:

A. wrong site surgery
B. delayed diagnosis
C. administration of wrong drug to patient
D. incorrect record keeping

Answer 42

A. wrong site surgery
C. administration of wrong drug to patient

Question 43

Identify the ethical principle referring to a moral obligation of the physician to act for the patient’s benefit:

A. benevolence
B. autonomy
C. justice
D. beneficence

Answer 43

D. beneficence

Question 44

The current strategies implemented by DOH to control cancer in the Philippines includes the ff EXCEPT:

a. improve rehabilitation and palliative care
b. improve screening, diagnosis and treatment of cancer
c. refer cancer patient to specialist
d. improve cancer registry

Answer 44

c. refer cancer patient to specialist

a.​ ​Development of ​“National Policy on the Integration of Palliative and Hospice Care into the Philippine Health Care System”
b.​ ​Development and Operationalization of National Cancer Prevention and Control Website and Social Media Sites
c.​ ​Development of ​“Comprehensive National Policy on Cancer Prevention and Control”
d.​ ​Establishment of National Cancer Center and Strategic Satellite Cancer Centers
e.​ ​Expansion of PhilHealth Z Benefit Package Coverage to Other Cancers

Question 45

In the evaluation of a new diagnostic test, the power of the test is seen with the:

a. true negative
b. false negative
c. false positive
d. true positive

Answer 45

d. true positive

Question 46

Select the endocrinopathic disease NOT detected by newborn screening test.

A. Phenylketonuria
B. G6PD deficiency
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Cystic fibrosis

Answer 46

D. Cystic fibrosis

Question 47

Select the BEST description of a good bedside manner.

A. Provide knowledge superiority of the physician.
B. Fiduciary relationship exists primarily.
C. Referring the patient for psychosocial support to a psychologist
D. Reassures and comforts the patient while remaining honest.

Answer 47

D. Reassures and comforts the patient while remaining honest.

Question 48

When disclosing information to families regarding the condition and management of the patient. Disclosure should follow the ff guidelines EXCEPT:

A. Family-centered
B. Culturally sensitive
C. Technical information
D. Honest but compassionate

Answer 48

C. Technical information

Question 49

Using the Quality Assurance cycle, after setting the target standard, the next process is:

A. Collect data
B. Make improvement
C. Choose topic
D. Compare performance with target

Answer 49

D. Compare performance with target

Step 1: Plan
Step 2: Set standards
Step 3: Communicate standards
Step 4: Monitor
Step 5: Identify and prioritize opportunities for improvement
Step 6: Define problem
Step 7: Identify who will work on problem
Step 8: Analyze and study the problem
Step 9: Choose and design solution
Step 10: Implement solution

Question 50

The ff support breastfeeding activities in the Department of Health premises EXCEPT:

A. Toilets or restrooms are not appropriate places for feeding babies and should not be offered
B. Do not disturb a breastfeeding mother
C. Support breastfeeding mothers if they encountered difficulties
D. Breastfeeding mothers should only use the room allocated for breastfeeding

Answer 50

D. Breastfeeding mothers should only use the room allocated for breastfeeding

Question 51

Precautions during school-based vaccination to ensure blood-borne diseases are not transferred to other children EXCEPT:

A. Use of aspirating needles is strictly prohibited
B. Dispose used syringe in a yellow bag trash bin
C. Do not re-cap syringe after use
D. Do not pre-fill syringe

Answer 51

B. Dispose used syringe in a yellow bag trash bin

Question 52

First do no harm. The principle embodied in:

a. non-maleficence
b. informed consent
c. beneficence
d. autonomy

Answer 52

a. non-maleficence

Question 53

The Human Papilloma Virus vaccine should be given to the following EXCEPT:

a. Child with minor acute illness
b. Pregnant mothers
c. Lactating women
d. Woman with abnormal pap smear tests

Answer 53

b. Pregnant mothers

> The HPV vaccine isn’t recommended for pregnant women or people who are moderately or severe ill.

Question 54

The percentage of health people who are correctly identified as not having the disease is:

a. relative risk
b. sensitivity
c. specificity
d. odds ratio

Answer 54

c. specificity

> Specificity, ​which refers to the ability of a test to indicate nondisease when no disease is present.

Question 55

Identify the non-probability sampling design among the sampling designs enumerated.

a. Stratified random sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Multi-stage sampling design
d. Quota sampling

Answer 55

d. Quota sampling

Question 56

Which of the following can be computed from a cross sectional study?

a. Sensitivity and specificity
b. Positive likelihood ratio
c. Odds ratio
d. Relative risk ratio

Answer 56

c. Odds ratio

> In cross-sectional studies, the odds ratio is also referred to as prevalence odds ratio when prevalent cases are included, and instead of the relative risk ratio, the prevalence ratio is calculated.

Question 57

Relative risk is more than one, this means that:

a. The exposure did not cause the disease
b. No association between the exposure and the disease
c. There is a positive association between the exposure and the disease
d. There is a negative association between the exposure and the disease

Answer 57

c. There is a positive association between the exposure and the disease

RR = 1: indicates null value (no effect of exposure or treatment on outcome)
RR<1: indicates protective effect (protective factor)
RR>1: indicates a harmful effect (risk factor)

Question 58

Diagnostic Z is performed on patient A. The test result is positive for tumor Y. During surgery, the mass is positive for tumor Y. The test result is:

a. false negative
b. true negative
c. true positive
d. false positive

Answer 58

b. true negative

> True positives are patients who have the disease and who test positive.

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of a controlled study?

A. Cross sectional
B. Experimental trial
C. Case series
D. Case cohort

Answer 59

C. Case series

Question 60

In a triple binding experiment, who is not blinded?

A. IRB
B. Subject
C. Observer
D. Data receiver

Answer 60

A. IRB

> The ​Institutional Review Board (IRB)​ is an administrative body established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities conducted under the auspices of the institution with which it is affiliated. Triple-blind studies entail concealing the nature of the treatment from ​participants, researchers and administrators of the treatment, and data analysts​. In triple-blind studies, data are analyzed by codes to prevent data analysts from introducing judgment bias because of their knowledge of group assignments.

Question 61

The persons suffering from the studied diseases are compared with controls,who do not have the disease. The exposure is recorded retrospectively in which of the following studies.

A. Cohort studies
B. Case-control study
C. Case study
D. Case series study

Answer 61

B. Case-control study

> Persons with a given disease (cases) and persons without the disease (controls) are selected. The proportion of cases and controls of being exposed to a probable risk factor are determined and compared for presence of association. Starts with the outcome then researcher will be looking for any exposure or factors.

Question 62

In a cross sectional study, the prevalence ratio is more than one. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. The factor or variable is considered a risk to the development of the disease
B. The prevalence of the disease among the subject not exposed to the variable is lower
C. The variable is considered protective from the development of the disease
D. The prevalence of the disease among the subjects exposed to the variable is higher

Answer 62

C. The variable is considered protective from the development of the disease

Question 63

Select the strongest power from all research study design:

A. Descriptive study
B. Experimental study
C. Cross sectional study
D. Case control study

Answer 63

B. Experimental study

> A ​well-designed randomized controlled trial​, where feasible, is generally the strongest study design for evaluating an intervention’s effectiveness. Randomized controlled trials measure an intervention’s effect by randomly assigning individuals (or groups of individuals) to an intervention group or a control group. Randomized controlled trials are sometimes called “experimental” study designs​.

Question 64

Select the nominal data among the following data:

A. Time: 1:00, 2:00
B. Birth sequence: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
C. Hair color: black, brown, red
D. Age: 1,2,3

Answer 64

C. Hair color: black, brown, red

> Nominal data​ can be both qualitative and quantitative.However,theq​ uantitativelabelslack a numerical value or relationship (e.g., identification number).​ On the other hand, various types of qualitative data can be represented in nominal form. They may i​nclude words, letters, and symbols. Also, names of people, gender, and nationality​ are just a few of the most common examples of nominal data.

Question 65

Consent, on order to be valid, must be the following, EXCEPT:

A. In a language understood by the participant
B. Given by the spouse at all times
C. Documented in a written consent form
D. Done under no undue influence, coercion, or manipulation

Answer 65

B. Given by the spouse at all times

Question 66

To determine whether healthcare professionals perform hand hygiene before and after patient exposure. The method of choice for data collection is:

A. Interview
B. Query
C. Observation
D. Questionnaire

Answer 66

C. Observation

Question 67

Select the formula that can compute for the sensitivity of a diagnostic test. (Note: TP – true positive, TN-true negative, FP – false positive, FN- false negative).

a. TN/ (TN + FP)
b. TN/ (TN + FN)
c. TP/ (TP + FN)
d. TP/ (TP + FP)

Answer 67

c. TP/ (TP + FN)

Question 68

You want to determine whether smoking can cause high blood pressure by recruiting patients with hypertension and asking whether they has history of smoking in the past 20 years. For this objectives, choose the independent variable.

a. Genetic predisposition
b. Smoking
c. 20 years
d. High blood pressure

Answer 68

b. Smoking

• Dependent Variable: The variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.
• Independent Variable: The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.

Question 69

Diagnostic W is performed on patient C. The test result is negative for tumor Y. During surgery, the mass is positive for tumor Y. the test result is ______.

a. False positive
b. False negative
c. True negative
d. True positive

Answer 69

b. False negative

1. True positive:​ the patient has the disease and the test is positive.
2. False positive​: the patient does not have the disease but the test is positive.
3. True negative​: the patient does not have the disease and the test is negative
4. False negative:​ the patient has the disease but the test is negative.

Question 70

A good research objective should have the following characteristics EXCEPT ______.

a. Specific
b. Time bound
c. Immeasurable
d. Attainable

Answer 70

C. Immeasurable

> The objectives of a project should be “SMART.” They should be:

• Specific: clear about what, where, when, and how the situation will be changed
• Measurable: able to quantify the targets and benefits
• Achievable: able to attain the objectives (knowing the resources and capacities at the disposal of the community)
• Realistic: able to obtain the level of change reflected in the objective; and
• Time bound: stating the time period in which they will each be accomplished

Question 71

Among patients who were admitted from 2015-2018 at hospital A for pneumonia, patients’ records were reviewed to determine if the patients had a history of vaccination. Identify the type of data collected.

a. Secondary data
b. Transferred data
c. Primary data
d. Tertiary data

Answer 71

a. Secondary data

Question 72

Post-menopausal women between 50-60 years old without breast cancer were included in the study. The occurrence of breast cancer in this group was monitored in the study. The occurrence of breast cancer in this group was monitored in the next 10 years. Select the appropriate research design for the objective.

A. Experimental study
B. Cohort study
C. Case series study
D. Cross sectional study

Answer 72

B. Cohort study

Question 73

To determine the relationship between educational attainment and drug use. Two groups of subjects 20-30 years old, one group who finished college education and the other group did not finish high school education. The subjects were followed up to 5 years and the number of subjects getting into drug use during follow up in both groups was determined and compared. Choose the type of research design that is appropriate for the objective.

a. Analytic cross section
b. Descriptive study
c. Analytic cohort study
d. Case series study

Answer 73

c. Analytic cohort study

Question 74

Promotion of healthy lifestyle includes the following EXCEPT _______.

a. Advocating sugary drink
b. Law that taxed tobacco products
c. Eating healthy food
d. Using condom

Answer 74

a. Advocating sugary drink

Question 75

Acceptable reason for parent’s refusal of screening of newborn baby is _____.

A. No reason at all
B. Lack of education
C. High cost of procedure
D. Religious belief

Answer 75

D. Religious belief

Question 76

Informed consent must contain _______.

I. Compensation
II. Benefit of the study
III. Voluntary withdrawal

A. II,III
B. I,III
C. I,II
D. I,II,III

Answer 76

A. II, III

Question 77

In order to decrease preventable causes of mental retardation, RA 9288 was passed to ______.

A. Human papilloma virus vaccination for school children
B. Mandatory vaccination with Hepatitis B vaccine after delivery
C. Institutionalize newborn screening among babies
D. Clean water act for better water supply

Answer 77

C. Institutionalize newborn screening among babies

Question 78

The difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies is one or more categories is _________.

A. ANOVA
B. Logistic regression
C. Cronbach’s Alpha
D. Chi square

Answer 78

D. Chi square

> Chisquare- The chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories.

Question 79

The ultimate goal of primary health care is health for all. Which of the following is does NOT support this goal?

A. Integrating health into all sectors
B. Reducing disparity in health care
C. Increasing stakeholders’ participation in decision making
D. Organizing health services based on what the LGU planned

Answer 79

D. Organizing health services based on what the LGU planned

WHO has identified five key elements to achieving that goal:
● reducing exclusion and social disparities in health (universal coverage reforms)
● organizing health services around people’s needs and expectations (service delivery reforms)
● integrating health into all sectors (public policy reforms)
● pursuing collaborative models of policy dialogue (leadership reforms); and
● increasing stakeholder participation.

Question 80

Odds ratio can be computed from _____.

a. Cohort design
b. Randomized controlled trial
c. Case scenario design
d. Case control design

Answer 80

d. Case control design

> An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. Odds ratios are most commonly used in case-control studies, however they can also be used in cross-sectional and cohort study designs as well (with some modifications and/or assumptions).

Question 81

Fifty (50) residents of Barangay Y have been diagnosed with Hypertension. Out of the 50 residents, 5 died. 5/50 represents hypertension’s

a. Age - specific death rate
b. Morbidity rate
c. Case fatality rate
d. Crude death rate

Answer 81

C. Case fatality rate

> The case-fatality rate is the proportion of persons with a particular condition (cases) who die from that condition. It is a measure of the severity of the condition.

Question 82

Dr. Joe is able to develop a sense of maturity, responsibility and self - respect among the community members. Select the type of leadership involved.

a. Coordinator
b. Enabler
c. Facilitator
d. Value - centered

Answer 82

D. value - centered

The enabling leader in the organization approaches the staff with a mindset of coaching them in an encouraging manner rather than stifling their initiative or dominating their performance. The real leader has no need to lead–he is content to point the way. Henry Miller. The world is certainly becoming more interdependent as we deal with more and more complexity in our societies, our economies, our institutions, and our organizations. As a result, leadership is more likely to be created through relationships with others than through individual endeavors. Cooperation, facilitation, and collaboration have taken on more importance.

Question 83

Identify the institution that will provide primary level care

a. Health center
b. Regional hospital
c. Barangay health unit
d. University hospital

Answer 83

c. Barangay health unit

Question 84

Vectors are important in the transmission of some infections. Select the vector responsible for the transmission of rabies:

a. Ticks
b. Dogs
c. Mosquito
d. bees

Answer 84

B. Dogs

Question 85

In order to do a clinical trial, the investigator must have attended a seminar on:

a. Good Clinical Practice
b. ACLS
c. BLS
d. Clinical trial

Answer 85

a. Good Clinical Practice

• Good Clinical Practice (GCP), which is an international standard that every clinical trial needs to comply with in order to ensure the human subjects’ rights, safety and the credibility of trial’s data.

Question 86

Doctor Z wants to determine the efficacy of cryotherapy for the treatment of cervical HPV infection in 20-30 year old female patients. Identify the exposure:

a. 20-30 year old
b. Cryotherapy
c. HPV infection
d. Female patient

Answer 86

B. cryotherapy

The term “exposure” can be applied to the primary explanatory variable of interest and to other variables that may be associated with the outcome, such as confounders or effect modifiers, which also must be addressed in the analysis of the primary outcome.

Question 87

Select the vulnerable population:

I. Poor indigent patients to be tested with drug A
II. Drug B testing on dying patients
III. Drug Z tested on Schizophrenic patients

A.​ I​,II
B.​ I​ , II, III
C.​ ​II, III
D.​ ​I, III

Answer 87

B. I, II, III

Question 88

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding primary health care(PHC)?

A.​ T​he PHC program must be efficient at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain
B. C​ommunity ‘s involvement is not necessary
C. ​It integrates the factors required for improving health status at the community level.
D. ​Health services must be effective, preventive, promotive and curative

Answer 88

B. C​ommunity ‘s involvement is not necessary

Question 89

RA 10152 mandates basic immunization for infants and children that includes the following EXCEPT ___.

A. Poliomyelitis
B. Tuberculosis
C. Hepatitis C
D. Rubella

Answer 89

C. Hepatitis C

• RA 10152 – an act providing for mandatory basic immunization services for infants and children, rpealing for the purpose presidential decree no. 996, as amended.

Question 90

The universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program (RA 9709) mandates the following EXCEPT:

A.​ I​nfants born outside a hospital should be screened within the first three months after birth
B.​ S​creening infants born in hospital prior to discharge
​c. Free hearing aid for all children with hearing disability
D. ​Doctors, nurses, midwives shall inform parents regarding the availability, nature and benefit of hearing loss screening among newborn and infants 3 months below.

Answer 90

c. Free hearing aid for all children with hearing disability

Question 91

Key component of well-functioning health system EXCEPT __.

A. improving the health status of individuals, families and communities
B. decision up to the government regarding the community’s health choice.
C. providing equitable access to people-centered care
D. Protecting people against the financial consequences of ill-health

Answer 91

B. decision up to the government regarding the community’s health choice.

Question 92

Select the item that does not belong to the obstacles to achieving health in the community:

A.​ E​ducation
B.​ M​alnutrition
C.​ ​Poor water supply
D.​ ​Unhygienic practices

Answer 92

A.​ E​ducation